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| 1 | +--- |
| 2 | +tags: |
| 3 | + - Community |
| 4 | + - Enterprise Standard |
| 5 | + - Enterprise Premium |
| 6 | +displayed_sidebar: docsEnglish |
| 7 | +--- |
| 8 | + |
| 9 | +# Glossary |
| 10 | + |
| 11 | +This glossary includes database and distributed-system terms that are often used when using ScalarDB. |
| 12 | + |
| 13 | +## ACID |
| 14 | + |
| 15 | +Atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) is a set of properties that ensure database transactions are processed reliably, maintaining integrity even in cases of errors or system failures. |
| 16 | + |
| 17 | +## concurrency control |
| 18 | + |
| 19 | +Concurrency control in databases ensures that multiple transactions can occur simultaneously without causing data inconsistency, usually through mechanisms like locking or timestamp ordering. |
| 20 | + |
| 21 | +## consensus |
| 22 | + |
| 23 | +Consensus in distributed systems refers to the process of achieving agreement among multiple computers or nodes on a single data value or system state. |
| 24 | + |
| 25 | +## data federation |
| 26 | + |
| 27 | +Data federation is the process of integrating data from different sources without moving the data, creating a unified view for querying and analysis. |
| 28 | + |
| 29 | +## data mesh |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | +A data mesh is a decentralized data architecture that enables each business domain within a company to autonomously manage data and use it efficiently. |
| 32 | + |
| 33 | +## data virtualization |
| 34 | + |
| 35 | +Data virtualization is similar to data federation in many aspects, meaning that it virtualizes multiple data sources into a unified view, simplifying queries without moving the data. |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | +## database anomalies |
| 38 | + |
| 39 | +Database anomalies are inconsistencies or errors in data that can occur when operations such as insertions, updates, or deletions are performed without proper transaction management. |
| 40 | + |
| 41 | +## federation engine |
| 42 | + |
| 43 | +A federation engine facilitates data integration and querying across multiple disparate data sources, often as part of a data federation architecture. |
| 44 | + |
| 45 | +## global transaction |
| 46 | + |
| 47 | +A global transaction spans multiple databases or distributed systems and ensures that all involved systems commit or roll back changes as a single unit. |
| 48 | + |
| 49 | +## heterogeneous databases |
| 50 | + |
| 51 | +Heterogeneous databases refer to systems composed of different database technologies that may have distinct data models, query languages, and transaction mechanisms. |
| 52 | + |
| 53 | +## HTAP |
| 54 | + |
| 55 | +Hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP) refers to a system that can handle both transactional and analytical workloads concurrently on the same data set, removing the need for separate databases. |
| 56 | + |
| 57 | +## JDBC |
| 58 | + |
| 59 | +Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an API that allows Java applications to interact with databases, providing methods for querying and updating data in relational databases. |
| 60 | + |
| 61 | +## linearizability |
| 62 | + |
| 63 | +Linearizability is a strong consistency model in distributed systems where operations appear to occur atomically in some order, and each operation takes effect between its start and end. |
| 64 | + |
| 65 | +## NoSQL database |
| 66 | + |
| 67 | +A NoSQL database is a non-relational databases designed for specific data models, such as document, key-value, wide-column, or graph stores, often used for handling large-scale, distributed data. |
| 68 | + |
| 69 | +## Paxos |
| 70 | + |
| 71 | +Paxos is a family of protocols used in distributed systems to achieve consensus, even in the presence of node failures. |
| 72 | + |
| 73 | +## PITR |
| 74 | + |
| 75 | +Point-in-time recovery (PITR) allows a database to be restored to a previous state at any specific time, usually after an unintended event like data corruption. |
| 76 | + |
| 77 | +## polystores |
| 78 | + |
| 79 | +Polystores are database architectures that allow users to interact with multiple, heterogeneous data stores, each optimized for a specific workload or data type, as if they were a single system. |
| 80 | + |
| 81 | +## read-committed isolation |
| 82 | + |
| 83 | +Read-committed isolation is an isolation level where each transaction sees only committed data, preventing dirty reads but allowing non-repeatable reads. |
| 84 | + |
| 85 | +## relational database |
| 86 | + |
| 87 | +A relational database stores data in tables with rows and columns, using a structured query language (SQL) to define, query, and manipulate the data. |
| 88 | + |
| 89 | +## replication |
| 90 | + |
| 91 | +Replication in databases involves copying and distributing data across multiple machines or locations to ensure reliability, availability, and fault tolerance. |
| 92 | + |
| 93 | +## Saga |
| 94 | + |
| 95 | +The Saga pattern is a method for managing long-running transactions in a distributed system, where each operation in the transaction is followed by a compensating action in case of failure. |
| 96 | + |
| 97 | +## serializable isolation |
| 98 | + |
| 99 | +Serializable isolation (serializability) is the highest isolation level in transactional systems, ensuring that the outcome of concurrently executed transactions is the same as if they were executed sequentially. |
| 100 | + |
| 101 | +## snapshot isolation |
| 102 | + |
| 103 | +Snapshot isolation is an isolation level that allows transactions to read a consistent snapshot of the database, protecting them from seeing changes made by other transactions until they complete. |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | +## TCC |
| 106 | + |
| 107 | +Try-Confirm/Cancel (TCC) is a pattern for distributed transactions that splits an operation into three steps, allowing for coordination and recovery across multiple systems. |
| 108 | + |
| 109 | +## transaction |
| 110 | + |
| 111 | +A transaction in databases is a sequence of operations treated as a single logical unit of work, ensuring consistency and integrity, typically conforming to ACID properties. |
| 112 | + |
| 113 | +## transaction manager |
| 114 | + |
| 115 | +A transaction manager coordinates the execution of transactions across multiple systems or databases, ensuring that all steps of the transaction succeed or fail as a unit. |
| 116 | + |
| 117 | +## two-phase commit |
| 118 | + |
| 119 | +Two-phase commit is a protocol for ensuring all participants in a distributed transaction either commit or roll back the transaction, ensuring consistency across systems. |
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