appendix.tex

%%% 2023年 2月21日 星期二 13时14分19秒 CST
%%% author: 李小丹(Shao-Dan Lee) 字 殊恒(Shuheng)

\def\turncenter#1#2{%
	\setbox100=\hbox{#1}
	\hskip-\wd100#1#2}
\def\udarrowc{%
	\turncenter{{\textcolor{VioletRed}\faArrowsAltV}}{C}}

\pagemark{附录}{}
\leavevmode\vskip0pt plus 1fil%
\moveleft12pt\vbox{\tabmajorminor}\label{tab:tab1}\vskip0pt plus 1fil\break
\section{大调与自然小调}
每章\footnote{每章开头都放一个循环圈不是因为它重要，
而是由于我用tikz结合lilypond花了几个小时、改了四五个版本才画出这个圈圈，
所以得多用它几次。}
开头部分都有一个五度循环圈。
我们在这里再稍微对各个大调和自然小调展开描述一下，
展现出各个调式一个八度内的音名、音级和升降号，及其对应关系。
详见下列三张表(第一、二张表我把他俩合并在一起，太大了，
放在上一页(\autopageref{tab:tab1})了。\\
\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to 0.5\hsize {|[2pt]X[1.5,c]|X[1.5,c]|X[4,l]|[2pt]}
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
	大~~调 & 自然小调 & 升降号\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
	C\sharp & a\sharp & F\sharp~C\sharp~G\sharp~D\sharp~A\sharp~E\sharp~B\sharp\\\hline
	F\sharp & d\sharp & F\sharp~C\sharp~G\sharp~D\sharp~A\sharp~E\sharp\\\hline
	B & g\sharp & F\sharp~C\sharp~G\sharp~D\sharp~A\sharp\\\hline
	E & c\sharp & F\sharp~C\sharp~G\sharp~D\sharp\\\hline
	A & f\sharp & F\sharp~C\sharp~G\sharp\\\hline
	D & b & F\sharp~C\sharp\\\hline
	G & e & F\sharp\\\hline
	\udarrowc & a & \\\hline
	F & d & B\flat\\\hline
	B\flat & g & B\flat~E\flat\\\hline
	E\flat & c & B\flat~E\flat~A\flat\\\hline
	A\flat & f & B\flat~E\flat~A\flat~D\flat\\\hline
	D\flat & b\flat & B\flat~E\flat~A\flat~D\flat~G\flat\\\hline
	G\flat & e\flat & B\flat~E\flat~A\flat~D\flat~G\flat~C\flat\\\hline
	C\flat & a\flat & B\flat~E\flat~A\flat~D\flat~G\flat~C\flat~F\flat\\\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
\end{tabu}
\end{center}

%%% cf. Understanding Basic Music Theory
%%% cf. A Handbook of Musical Knowledge
%%% cf. musicca
%%% cf. https://www.8notes.com/glossary/
%%% cf. manual of lilypond
\section{音乐术语表}
\seclangtit{Italian Musical Terms}
在五线谱中经常会出现意大利文和拉丁文。
不太常见的会被忘记，我在这里列出几张音乐
常用术语、词汇表，并给出中英文翻译（对某些简单英文，
我就不加中文翻译了）。
%%% FIXME
%%% If I use longtabu by the way that is described in manual multirow,
%%% the TeX say: "! Dimension too large".
%%% but manual multirow section 3.6 say: 
%%% "It is possible to use \multirow in a longtable..."
\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Tempo}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Larghissimo & very very slow & 受不了的慢\\\hline
		Grave & very slow and solemn & 贼慢、庄重\\\hline
		Largo & slow, broad & 慢、广板\\\hline
		Lento & slow & 慢\\\hline
		Larghetto & not quite as slow as largo & 没有largo慢\\\hline
		Adagio & slow, leisurely & 慢、轻松\\\hline
		Adagietto & rather leisurely, faster than adagio & 稍慢，比adagio快\\\hline
		Andante & a medium slow & 中等的慢\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Andantino} & moderate pace, but not & 中等的慢，\\
		& so slow as andante & 但没有andante慢\\\hline
		Andante moderato & faster than andante  & 比andante快\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
		\hline
		Moderato & moderate, or medium & 中等速度\\\hline
		Allegretto & not as fast as allegro & 没有allegro快\\\hline
		Allegro moderato &  slightly slower than allegro & 比allegro慢一点\\\hline
		Allegro & fast & 快\\\hline
		Vivo, & \multirow{2}{*}{lively, brisk} & \multirow{2}{*}{生动, 轻快}\\
		Vivace & & \\\hline
		Allegrissimo & faster than allegro & 比allegro快\\\hline
		Vivacissimo & faster than vivo & 比vivo快\\\hline
		Presto & very fast & 贼快\\\hline
		Prestissimo & very, very fast & 贼快, 贼快的\\
		\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{与tempo相关的其他词汇}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Largamente & broadly, massively & 很慢\\\hline
		Tempo ordinario & ordinary speed & 一般速度\\\hline
		Tempo commodo & convenient, comfortable speed & 适当的速度\\\hline
		Tosto & quick, rapid & 快\\\hline
		Celere & quick, nimble & 快\\\hline
		Veloce & Swiftly & 飞快\\\hline
		Doppio Tempo, & \multirow{2}{*}{twice as fast as the preceding movement} & \multirow{2}{*}{双倍速}\\
		Doppio Movimento & &\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{L'istesso tempo} & in the same time as & \multirow{2}{*}{同速}\\
		& the preceding movement &\\\hline
		Pi\`u lento & more slowly & 更慢\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Gradual Tempo Changes}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Ritardando(rit.) & slowing down & 慢下来\\\hline
		Rallentando(rall.) & gradually slower & 渐慢\\\hline
		Allargando(allarg.) & a slow rallentando that retains a full & 保持饱满的渐慢\\\hline
		Ritenuto(riten.) & immediately slower, retained & 慢\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{rubato} & Robbed time, the slight alterations & 弹性速度，\\
		& by acceleration or retardation & 可以稍稍加/减速度\\\hline
		Stringendo(string.), & \multirow{3}{*}{hurrying the speed} & \multirow{3}{*}{加快}\\
		Stretto, & & \\
		Affrettando & & \\\hline
		Accelerando(accel.) & accelerating, getting faster & 渐快\\\hline
		poco a poco & little by little & 逐渐地\\\hline
		Tempo I, & \multirow{2}{*}{back to the original tempo} & \multirow{2}{*}{返回最初的速度}\\
		Tempo Primo & & \\\hline
		A tempo & resume previous tempo & 保持之前的速度\\\hline
		Ad libitum(ad lib.), & \multirow{2}{*}{At the performer's pleasure} & \multirow{2}{*}{根据演奏者意愿}\\
		A piacere & & \\\hline
		Meno mosso & Slower at once & 突慢\\\hline
		Pi\`u mosso & Faster at once & 突快\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Dynamics}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		\lilyDynamics{ppp}(pianississimo) & very, very soft & 非常、非常的弱\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		\lilyDynamics{pp}(pianissimo) & very soft & 非常的弱\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{p}(piano) & soft & 弱\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{mp}(mezzo piano) & medium soft & 中弱\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{mf}(mezzo forte) & medium load & 中强\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{f}(forte) & load & 强\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{ff}(fortissimo) & very load & 非常强\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{fff}(fortississimo) & very, very load & 非常、非常强\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Gradual Dynamics}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Crescendo(cresc.) & \multirow{2}{*}{gradually louder} & \multirow{2}{*}{渐强}\\
		\crescHairpin & &\\\hline
		Diminuendo(dim.) & \multirow{2}{*}{gradually softer} & \multirow{2}{*}{渐弱}\\
		\decrescHairpin & & \\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{fp}(fortepiano) & loud, then immediately soft & 强，立即转弱\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{sfz}(sforzando), & \multirow{3}{*}{suddenly accented} & \multirow{3}{*}{突强}\\
		\lilyDynamics{sf}(forzando), & &\\
		\lilyDynamics{fz}(szforzato) & &\\\hline
		\lilyDynamics{rfz}(rinforzando), & \multirow{2}{*}{reinforced} & \multirow{2}{*}{增强}\\
		\lilyDynamics{rf} & &\\\hline
		Mancando & Failing or waning & 减弱\\\hline
		Smorzando & \multirow{2}{*}{Dying away} & \multirow{2}{*}{减弱消失}\\
		Morendo & &\\\hline
		Perdendosi & Losing itself by getting softer and slower & 变慢变弱直至消失\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Performing Articulations}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Arco & with bow & 弓奏\\\hline
		Arpeggio(arp.) & chord notes played in succession & 琶音\\\hline
		Bartok pizz(\thesnap),  & \multirow{2}{*}{pluck upwards} & \multirow{2}{*}{上拨弦}\\
		Snap pizzicato & &\\\hline
		Cadenza & ornamental passage & 装饰奏\\\hline
		Flageolet(\theflageolet) & overtone, whistling sound & 泛音\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Fermata(\thefermata)} & to be lengthened by & \multirow{2}{*}{延音}\\
		& an unspecified amount &\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Glissando(gliss.)} & a continuous slide from & \multirow{2}{*}{滑奏}\\
		& one note to another &\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Harmonic(\theharmonic)} & overtone, & 泛音\\
		& characterized by harmony & 和声\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Legato} & notes played with a smooth & \multirow{2}{*}{联奏}\\
		& connection between them & \\\hline
		Mano destra(m.d.) & right hand & 右手\\\hline
		Mano sinistra(m.s.) & left hand & 左手\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Pizzicato(pizz.)} & plucked with the finger& \multirow{2}{*}{拨弦}\\
		& rather than bowed &\\\hline
		Marcato(Marc.) & marked, accented & 重音\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Mordent} & a rapid alternation of a note with & \multirow{2}{*}{波音}\\
		& the note immediately below or above &\\\hline
		Portamento(port.) & a smooth slide from one note to another & 滑音\\\hline
		Tutti & performed by the entire ensemble & 合奏\\\hline
		Staccato(stacc.) & shortened and sharply separated notes & 断奏\\\hline
		Staccatissimo & shortened and extremely & \multirow{2}{*}{顿奏}\\
		(staccatiss.) & separated notes & \\\hline
		Solo & unaccompanied & 独奏\\\hline
		Stopped(\thestopped) & plucked with the left hand finger & 左手拨弦\\\hline
		Sul A(G, D, or E) & on the A string of a violin & 在A弦上\\\hline
		Sul ponticello & near the bridge (violin) & 靠近琴码\\\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{Vibrato(vib.)} & a rapid repeated slight change & \multirow{2}{*}{颤音，揉弦}\\
		& in the pitch of a note &\\\hline
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Moods}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Affetto & with affection & 充满爱意\\\hline
		Affettuoso & with tender feeling & 慈爱\\\hline
		Agitato & agitated & 焦急的\\\hline
		Amabile & amiably & 亲切友好的\\\hline
		Amoroso & lovingly & 深情的\\\hline
		Animato & animated, lively & 愉快的\\\hline
		Appassionato & impassioned & 热情的\\\hline
		Ardito & with spirit and boldness & 大胆勇敢\\\hline
		Arioso & a short melody & 短小的旋律\\\hline
		Attacca & go on immediately & 继续、无停顿\\\hline
		Burlesco & comic & 滑稽的\\\hline
		Cantabile, Cantando & in a singing style & 如歌地\\\hline
		Capriccioso & in a free, impulsive & 荒诞的\\\hline
		Con amore & with love & 充满爱的\\\hline
		Con anima & with soul & 满含热情\\\hline
		Con brio & with spirit, with vigor & 充满活力\\\hline
		Con delicatezza & with delicacy & 优雅精致\\\hline
		Con dolore, & \multirow{2}{*}{with grief} & \multirow{2}{*}{悲痛欲绝的}\\
		Con duolo & & \\\hline
		Con espressione & with expression & 情感流露\\\hline
		Con energia & with energy or force & 充满力量\\\hline
		Con fuoco & with fiery manner & 充满激情\\\hline
		Con grazia & with grace & 优雅\\\hline
		Con moto & with movement & 生动的\\\hline
		Con sordini & with mutes & 微弱的\\\hline
		Con spirito & with spirit & 充满活力\\\hline
		Con tenerezza, & \multirow{2}{*}{with tenderness} & \multirow{2}{*}{温柔的}\\
		Teneramente & & \\\hline
		Con vivacita & with vivacity & 活泼的\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		Deciso & decided & 坚定的\\\hline
		Delicato & Delicately & 精致的\\\hline
		Dolce & sweet & 甜蜜的\\\hline
		Doloroso, & \multirow{2}{*}{sorrowful} & \multirow{2}{*}{悲哀的}\\
		Dolente & & \\\hline
		Energico & energetic & 有力的\\\hline
		Espressivo(espr.) & expressive & 富有变现力的\\\hline
		Feroce & fiercely & 强烈的\\\hline
		Forza & force & 有力的\\\hline
		Furioso & impetuously & 激烈的\\\hline
		Giusto & right, exact, strict & 严格的，明确的\\\hline
		Giocoso & jocosely & 幽默的\\\hline
		Giojoso & joyous & 欢乐的\\\hline
		Grandioso & grandly & 宏大的\\\hline
		Grazioso & graceful & 优雅的\\\hline
		Gustoso & tastefully & 高雅的\\\hline
		Impetuoso & impetuously & 激烈的\\\hline
		Lagrimoso & tearfully & 悲伤的\\\hline
		Languido & languid & 无精打采的\\\hline
		Legato & smoothly and connectedly &  平稳连贯的\\\hline
		Leggieramente & getting gradually lighter & 变得轻快\\\hline
		Leggiero(legg.) & light, nimble & 轻快的\\\hline
		Maestoso & majestic & 庄严的\\\hline
		Marcato & marked, accented & 显著的\\\hline
		Martellato & with great force & 强有力的\\\hline
		Mesto & sad & 忧伤的\\\hline
		Mosso & moved, fast and with animation & 欢快热烈\\\hline
		Pesante & heavily & 沉重的\\\hline
		Piacevole & in a pleasing manner & 令人愉快的\\\hline
		Pomposo & pompously & 浮夸的\\\hline
		Risoluto & decisive, strong & 果断的，坚定的\\\hline
		Scherzando, & \multirow{2}{*}{playful, joking, jest} & \multirow{2}{*}{滑稽的}\\
		Scherzoso & &\\\hline
		Semplice & simply & 单纯的\\\hline
		Serioso & seriously & 严肃的\\\hline
		Sonore & sonorous & 浑厚的，洪亮的\\\hline
		Strepitoso & boisterous manner & 喧闹的\\\hline
		Sostenuto & sustained & 持续的\\\hline
		Sotto voce & in an undertone & 轻声低语\\\hline
		Tenuto & held, sustained & 持续\\\hline
		Tranquillo & calm & 平静的\\\hline
		Vigoroso & vigorously & 剧烈的\\\hline
		Volante & in a light & 轻快\\\hline
	\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Repeats}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Fine & the end of a piece & 曲终\\\hline
		\lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}\footnote{%
			第二个coda乐段可用 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}\ \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}
				表示，第三个可用\thecoda3\thecoda,$\ldots$} (Coda)  &
			the concluding passage of a piece & 乐段终\\\hline
		\lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\footnote{%
			第二个segno乐段可用 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\ \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}
				表示，第三个可用\thesegno3\thesegno,$\ldots$} (Segno) &
			the beginning or end of a repeat & 反复段的开始或结束\\\hline
		Da Capo(D.C.)\footnote{A repeat instruction to be performed more than once includes `$\ldots$V.', \eg\ D.C.~2V.}
			& repeat from the beginning & 反复从开始处开始\\\hline
		Da Capo al Fine & \multirow{2}{*}{repeat from the beginning to the `Fine'} & \multirow{2}{*}{反复从开始处到`Fine'}\\
		(D.C. al Fine) & &\\\hline
		Da Capo al Coda & repeat from the beginning to \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}, then &
				反复从开始处到 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}，然后\\
		(D.C. al Coda) & skip to the concluding Coda passage & 直接跳到coda乐段尾\\\hline
		Da Capo al Segno & \multirow{2}{*}{repeat from the beginning to \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}} &
				\multirow{2}{*}{反复从开始处到 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\ 结束}\\
		(D.C. al Segno) & &\\\hline
		Dal Segno(D.S.) & repeat from \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno} &
			反复从 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\ 开始\\\hline
		Dal Segno al Fine & \multirow{2}{*}{repeat from \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno} to the `Fine'} &
				\multirow{2}{*}{反复从 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\ 到`Fine'}\\
		(D.S. al Fine) & & \\\hline
		Dal Segno al Coda & repeat from the \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}
					to the \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}, then &
				反复从 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.1,raise=0.5]{scripts.segno}\ 到 \lilyGlyph[scale=1.4,raise=0.5]{scripts.coda}\ 然后\\
		(D.S. al Coda) & skip to the concluding Coda passage & 直接跳到coda乐段尾\\\hline
		Bis & twice & 两遍\\\hline
		Volta\footnote{1ma volta (1st time), 2da volta (2nd time), $\ldots$} & time & 次、遍\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Vocal Ranges}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		soprano & a high woman's voice & 女高音\\\hline
		\multirow{3}{*}{coloratura soprano} & This is not really a different & \multirow{3}{*}{花腔女高音}\\
		& range from the soprano but &\\
		& but high, light, and agile &\\\hline
		mezzo-soprano & in between soprano and alto & 女中音\\\hline
		alto & a low woman's voice & 女低音 \\\hline
		contralto & same as alto & 女低音 \\\hline
		contraltoff & lower than alto & 女低音\\\hline
		tenor & a high man's voice & 男高音 \\\hline
		countertenor & tensor but high, light, and agile & 男高音\\\hline
		baritone & in between tenor and bass & 男中音\\\hline
		bass & a low man's voice & 男低音\\\hline
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Instrumental Ranges}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		contra-$\ldots$ & lower & 低音$\ldots$\\\hline
		piccolo-$\ldots$ & higher & 高音$\ldots$\\\hline
		a note name-$\ldots$ & instrument in different ranges & 某调$\ldots$\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Styles}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		Alla Cappella & unaccompanied church music & 无伴奏教堂音乐\\\hline
		Barcarolle & a boat-song & 船歌\\\hline
		Marcia & a march & 进行曲\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		Minuetto, & \multirow{2}{*}{a minuet} & \multirow{2}{*}{小步舞曲}\\
		Menuetto & & \\\hline
		Parlando,& \multirow{2}{*}{a ballade} & \multirow{2}{*}{叙事曲}\\
		Parlante & &\\\hline
		Pastorale & pastoral style & 田园曲\\\hline
		Scherzo & a playful piece & 幽默曲\\\hline
		Sonata & sonata & 奏鸣曲\\\hline
		Trio & three parts, instruments or voices & 三重\\\hline
		Variazione & variations & 变奏曲\\\hline
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{其他有用词汇}}\\\tabucline[1pt]{1-3}
		a & at, for, with, to, by, in & \\\hline
		al, all', alla & in the style of, to the & 以, 到\\\hline
		ancora & again & 再一次\\\hline
		assai & very much & 非常\\\hline
		bene, ben & well & \\\hline
		bravura & florid & 华丽的\\\hline
		cantilena & A song-like melody & 如歌的旋律\\\hline
		chiaro & clear & 清晰\\\hline
		col, colla & with the &\\\hline
		col arco & with the bow & \\\hline
		colla parte, & The accompanist to keep closely with & 伴奏紧跟独奏\\
		colla voce & the solo part, or voice & 或歌唱\\\hline
		con & with, together & 用、以$\ldots$\\\hline
		come & like, as & 如\\\hline
		da & from & 从\\\hline
		dal & from the & 从\\\hline
		di & of the & \\\hline
		divisi & divided & 分\\\hline
		dopo & after & 之后\\\hline
		e poi & and then & \\\hline
		ed & and &\\\hline
		fuoco & fiery & 热烈的\\\hline
		la, il, lo & the &\\\hline
		ma & but & 但\\\hline
		ma non tanto & but not so much & 没那么多\\\hline
		ma non troppo & but not too much & 别太多\\\hline
		maggiore & major key & 大调\\\hline
		meno & less & 更少\\\hline
		mezzo & half & 一半，中间\\\hline
		minore & minor key & 小调\\\hline
		molto, di molto & a lot & 非常\\\hline
		nei, nel, nell', & \multirow{2}{*}{in the} &\\
		nella, nelle, nello & &\\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[2,c]|X[4,c]|X[2,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		non & not & 不\\\hline
		nuovo & again & 再一次\\\hline
		O & or & 或\\\hline
		obbligato(obb.) & an instrumental part, indispensable & 伴奏、不可省略\\\hline
		ostinato & continually repeated & 不断反复\\\hline
		pi\`u & more & 更多\\\hline
		poi & then &\\\hline
		pochettino & very little & 很少\\\hline
		prima & at first & 开始\\\hline
		quasi & almost & 几乎\\\hline
		questo & this & \\\hline
		(un) poco & a little & 一点儿\\\hline
		poco a poco & little by little & 一点一点地\\\hline
		Repetizone, & \multirow{2}{*}{repeat} & \multirow{2}{*}{反复}\\
		replica & &\\\hline
		sciolto & free & 自由\\\hline
		segue & follows & 跟随\\\hline
		sempre & always & 总是\\\hline
		sentimento & sentiment & 情绪\\\hline
		senza & without & 不用\\\hline
		si replica & to be repeated & 反复\\\hline
		sin', sino & until & 直到\\\hline
		simile & in a similar way & 相似方式\\\hline
		sopra & above & 上面\\\hline
		sordino, & \multirow{2}{*}{a mute} & \multirow{2}{*}{弱音}\\
		sordini & & \\\hline
		spianato & without pathos & 平稳\\\hline
		subito & suddenly, quickly & 突然\\\hline
		sul', sull', sulla & on the &\\\hline
		tacet & be silent & 沉默\\\hline
		tanto & as much & 那样多\\\hline
		tedesca & in a German manner & 德式\\\hline
		tema & a theme & 主题\\\hline
		tempo di$\ldots$ & in the time of $\ldots$ & 以$\ldots$速度\\\hline
		troppo & too much & 太多\\\hline
		un, una & a, an, one & \\\hline
		volti subito(V.S) & turn page quickly & 翻页\\\hline
		voce & voice & 歌唱\\\hline
		8va & an octave higher & 高八度\\
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\section{词汇缩写}
\seclangtit{Abbreviations}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[1,c]|X[3,c]|X[3,c]|[2pt]}
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\multicolumn{3}{|[2pt]c|[2pt]}{\tbhcolor{Abbreviations for Instruments}}\\\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
		\textbf{Abbr.} & \textbf{English} & \textbf{Italian}\\
		\tabucline[1.5pt]{1-3}
		acc. & Accordion & Fisarmonica \\\hline
		afl. & Alto flute & Flauto contralto \\\hline
		alt. & Alto (voice) (contralto) & Contralto \\\hline
		arp.  & Arpeggione & Arpeggione \\\hline
		bag. & Bagpipe & Cornamusa (Zampogna) \\\hline
		bar. & Baritone (voice) & Baritono \\\hline
		bass. & Bass (voice) & Basso \\\hline
		bbar. & Bass baritone (voice) & Basso-baritono \\\hline
		bc. & Continuo (Basso continuo) & Basso continuo \\\hline
		bcl. & Bass clarinet  & Clarinetto basso \\\hline
		bell. & Bell (Chimes) & Campane \\\hline
		bfl. & Bass flute & Flauto basso \\\hline
		bgtr. & Bass guitar & Basso eletrrico \\\hline
		bjo. &  Banjo  & Banjo \\\hline
		bn. & Bassoon & Fagoto \\\hline
		bob. & Bass oboe (Baritone oboe) & Oboe baritono \\\hline
		br. & Brass instruments  & Strumento a fiato di ottone \\\hline
		bryt. & Baryton & Baritono \\\hline
		bstcl. & Basset clarinet & Clarinetto di bassetto \\\hline
		bsthn. & Basset horn & Corno di bassetto \\\hline
		bug. & Bugle & Corna de segnale \\\hline
		cbcl. & Contrabass clarinet & Clarinetto contrabbasso \\\hline
		cbn. & Contrabassoon & Contrafagotto \\\hline
		cch. & Children's chorus & Coro di fanciulli \\\hline
		cel. & Celesta & Celesta \\\hline
		ch. & Mixed chorus & Coro miste \\\hline
		cimb. & Cimbalom & Cimbalom \\\hline
		cit. & Cittern & Cetra (Cetara) \\\hline
		cl. & Clarinet & Clarinetto \\\hline
		clvd. & Clavichord & Clavicordo \\\hline
		cm. & Chalumeau & Salmo\`e \\\hline
		conc. & Concertina & Concertina \\\hline
		crh. & Crumhorn & Cromorno \\\hline
		crt. & Cornet & Cornetta (a pistoni) \\\hline
		crtt. & Cornett (Zink) & Cornetto \\\hline
		ct. & Counter-Tenor & Controtenore \\\hline
		cv. & Child's voice & Voce di fanciullo \\\hline
		db. & Double Bass & Contrabasso \\\hline
		dlcn. & Dulcian & Dulciana \\\hline
		dom. & Domra & Domra \\\hline
		dulc. & Dulcimer & Salterio \\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[1,c]|X[3,c]|X[3,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		egtr. & Electric guitar & Chitarra elettrica \\\hline
		eh. & English horn (Cor anglais) & Corno inglese \\\hline
		elec. & Electronic Instruments & Strumento elettrica \\\hline
		epf. & Electric piano  & Pianoforte elettrico \\\hline
		eq. & Equal voices & Voci pari \\\hline
		erhu. & Erhu & Erhu \\\hline
		euph. & Euphonium & Eufonio \\\hline
		fch. & Female chorus & Coro femminile \\\hline
		fda. &  Flute d'amore (Tenor flute) & Flauto tenor \\\hline
		fgh. & Flugelhorn  & Flicorno soprano \\\hline
		fife. & Fife & Fiffaro \\\hline
		fl. & Flute & Flauto \\\hline
		flag. & Flageolet & Flagioletto \\\hline
		ghca. & Glass harmonica (Bowl organ) & Glassarmonica (Bicchieri de vetro) \\\hline
		gl. & Glockenspiel & Campanelli (Metallofono) \\\hline
		gtr. & Guitar & Chitarra \\\hline
		harm. & Harmonium & Armonium \\\hline
		hca. & Harmonica (Mouth Organ) & Armonica a bocco \\\hline
		heck. & Heckelphone & Heckelfono \\\hline
		hn. &  Horn (French horn) & Corno \\\hline
		hp. & Harp & Arpa \\\hline
		hpd. & Harpsichord & Cembalo (Clavicembalo) \\\hline
		kbd. & Keyboard instrument & Strumento a tastiera \\\hline
		lute. & Lute & Liuto \\\hline
		lyre. & Lyre & Lira \\\hline
		mand. & Mandolin & Mandolino \\\hline
		mar. & Marimba & Marimba \\\hline
		mch. & Male chorus & Coro maschile \\\hline
		mez. & Mezzo-soprano & Mezzosoprano \\\hline
		mus. & Musette & Musette de cour \\\hline
		nar. & Narrator (Reciter) & Narratore \\\hline
		ob. & Oboe & Oboe \\\hline
		oca. & Ocarina & Ocarina \\\hline
		oda. & Oboe d'amore & Oboe d'amore \\\hline
		om. & Ondes Martenot & Onde Martenot \\\hline
		oph. & Ophicleide & Ophicleide \\\hline
		orch. & Orchestra & Orchestra \\\hline
		org. & Organ & Organo \\\hline
		oud. & Oud & Oud \\\hline
		pan. & Pan flute (Pan-pipes) & Flauto di Pan (Siringa) \\\hline
		perc. & Percussion & Strumento a percussione \\\hline
		pf. & Piano & Pianoforte \\\hline
		pfte. & Piano & Pianoforte \\\hline
		pf3h. & Piano 3 hands  & Pianoforte 3 mani \\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[1,c]|X[3,c]|X[3,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		pf4h. & Piano 4 hands & Pianoforte 4 mani \\\hline
		pf5h. & Piano 5 hands & Pianoforte 5 mani \\\hline
		pf6h. & Piano 6 hands & Pianoforte 6 mani \\\hline
		pflh. & Piano left hand & Piano di sinistra \\\hline
		pfped. & Pedal piano & Pianoforte organistico \\\hline
		pfrh. & Piano right hand  & Piano di destra \\\hline
		picc. & Piccolo & Flauto piccolo (Ottavino) \\\hline
		pipa. & Pipa  & Pipa \\\hline
		pk. & Timpani & Timpani \\\hline
		ptpt. & Piccolo trumpet  & Trombino \\\hline
		reb. & Rebec & Rebeca (Ribeca) \\\hline
		rec. & Recorder & Flauto dolce (Flauto a becco) \\\hline
		sar. & Sarrusophone & Sarrusofono \\\hline
		sax. & Saxophone & Sassofono (Saxofono) \\\hline
		sheng. & Sheng & Sheng \\\hline
		shw. & Shawm & Ciaramella (Piffaro) \\\hline
		sit. & Sitar & Sitar \\\hline
		skbt. & Sackbut & Sackbut \\\hline
		sop. & Soprano (voice) & Soprano \\\hline
		srp. & Serpent & Serpentone \\\hline
		stpt. & Slide trumpet & Tromba a tirarsi \\\hline
		str. & String instruments & Archi \\\hline
		sxh. & Saxhorn & Flicorni \\\hline
		syn. & Synthesizer & Sintetizzatore \\\hline
		tba. & Tuba & Tuba \\\hline
		tbn. & Trombone & Trombone \\\hline
		ten. & Tenor & Tenore \\\hline
		thrm. & Theremin & Theremin \\\hline
		timp. & Timpani & Timpani \\\hline
		tpt. & Trumpet & Tromba (Clarino) \\\hline
		uch. & Unison chorus & Coro unisono \\\hline
		uke. & Ukelele (Ukulele) & Ukelele \\\hline
		v. & Voice (solo) & Voce \\\hline
		va. & Viola & Viola \\\hline
		vap. & Viola pomposa & Viola pomposa \\\hline
		vc. & Cello & Violoncello \\\hline
		vda. & Viola d'amore & Viola d'amore \\\hline
		vib. & Vibraphone & Vibrafono \\\hline
		vie. & Vielle (Hurdy-Gurdy) & Lyra tedesca (Ghironda) \\\hline
		viol. & Viol (Viola da gamba) & Gamba (Viola da gamba) \\\hline
		vlne. & Violone & Violone \\\hline
		vn. & Violin & Violino \\\hline
		vuv. & Vuvuzela & Vuvuzela \\\hline
		vv. & Voices (multiple soloists) & Voci \\\hline
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
	\begin{tabu} to \hsize {|[2pt]X[1,c]|X[3,c]|X[3,c]|[2pt]}
	\hline
		wag. & Wagner tuba & Tuba di Wagner \\\hline
		ww. & Woodwind instruments & Strumento a fiato di legno \\\hline
		xiao. & Xiao & Xiao \\\hline
		xyl. & Xylophone & Xilofono (Silofono) \\\hline
		zith. & Zither & Cetra da tavola \\\hline
	\tabucline[2pt]{1-3}
	\end{tabu}
\end{center}