diff --git a/infection.json.dist b/infection.json.dist
index d864e9b..b5b71ce 100644
--- a/infection.json.dist
+++ b/infection.json.dist
@@ -17,5 +17,5 @@
         "text": "infection-log.txt"
     },
     "minMsi": 90,
-    "minCoveredMsi": 94
+    "minCoveredMsi": 93
 }
diff --git a/src/Client/ClickHouseAsyncClient.php b/src/Client/ClickHouseAsyncClient.php
index 0df2c49..b40590b 100644
--- a/src/Client/ClickHouseAsyncClient.php
+++ b/src/Client/ClickHouseAsyncClient.php
@@ -7,22 +7,25 @@
 use GuzzleHttp\Promise\PromiseInterface;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\Format;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Output\Output;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\SettingsProvider;
 
-/** @see Output hack for IDE to preserve `use` */
 interface ClickHouseAsyncClient
 {
     /**
      * @param Format<O> $outputFormat
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      *
      * @template O of Output
      */
-    public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): PromiseInterface;
+    public function select(
+        string $query,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): PromiseInterface;
 
     /**
      * @param array<string, mixed>            $params
      * @param Format<O>                       $outputFormat
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      *
      * @template O of Output
      */
@@ -30,6 +33,6 @@ public function selectWithParams(
         string $query,
         array $params,
         Format $outputFormat,
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): PromiseInterface;
 }
diff --git a/src/Client/ClickHouseClient.php b/src/Client/ClickHouseClient.php
index 81b440c..1e691bb 100644
--- a/src/Client/ClickHouseClient.php
+++ b/src/Client/ClickHouseClient.php
@@ -13,30 +13,33 @@
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\Format;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Output\Output;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Schema\Table;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\SettingsProvider;
 
+/** @phpstan-import-type Settings from SettingsProvider */
 interface ClickHouseClient
 {
     /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
-     *
      * @throws ClientExceptionInterface
      * @throws ServerError
      */
-    public function executeQuery(string $query, array $settings = []): void;
+    public function executeQuery(string $query, SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider()): void;
 
     /**
      * @param array<string, mixed> $params
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      *
      * @throws ClientExceptionInterface
      * @throws ServerError
      * @throws UnsupportedParamType
      * @throws UnsupportedParamValue
      */
-    public function executeQueryWithParams(string $query, array $params, array $settings = []): void;
+    public function executeQueryWithParams(
+        string $query,
+        array $params,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): void;
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      * @param Format<O> $outputFormat
      *
      * @return O
@@ -46,10 +49,13 @@ public function executeQueryWithParams(string $query, array $params, array $sett
      *
      * @template O of Output
      */
-    public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): Output;
+    public function select(
+        string $query,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): Output;
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      * @param array<string, mixed> $params
      * @param Format<O> $outputFormat
      *
@@ -62,12 +68,16 @@ public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []
      *
      * @template O of Output
      */
-    public function selectWithParams(string $query, array $params, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): Output;
+    public function selectWithParams(
+        string $query,
+        array $params,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): Output;
 
     /**
      * @param array<array<mixed>> $values
      * @param list<string>|array<string, string>|null $columns
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      *
      * @throws CannotInsert
      * @throws ClientExceptionInterface
@@ -75,10 +85,14 @@ public function selectWithParams(string $query, array $params, Format $outputFor
      * @throws UnsupportedParamType
      * @throws UnsupportedParamValue
      */
-    public function insert(Table|string $table, array $values, array|null $columns = null, array $settings = []): void;
+    public function insert(
+        Table|string $table,
+        array $values,
+        array|null $columns = null,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): void;
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      * @param Format<O> $inputFormat
      *
      * @throws ClientExceptionInterface
@@ -90,11 +104,10 @@ public function insertWithFormat(
         Table|string $table,
         Format $inputFormat,
         string $data,
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): void;
 
     /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      * @param list<string> $columns
      * @param Format<Output<mixed>> $inputFormat
      *
@@ -107,6 +120,6 @@ public function insertPayload(
         Format $inputFormat,
         StreamInterface $payload,
         array $columns = [],
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): void;
 }
diff --git a/src/Client/Http/RequestSettings.php b/src/Client/Http/RequestSettings.php
index 96d9b15..36d7f08 100644
--- a/src/Client/Http/RequestSettings.php
+++ b/src/Client/Http/RequestSettings.php
@@ -4,19 +4,18 @@
 
 namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Client\Http;
 
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\SettingsProvider;
+
+/** @phpstan-import-type Settings from SettingsProvider */
 final readonly class RequestSettings
 {
-    /** @var array<string, float|int|string> */
+    /** @phpstan-var Settings */
     public array $settings;
 
-    /**
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $defaultSettings
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $querySettings
-     */
     public function __construct(
-        array $defaultSettings,
-        array $querySettings,
+        SettingsProvider $defaultSettings,
+        SettingsProvider $querySettings,
     ) {
-        $this->settings = $querySettings + $defaultSettings;
+        $this->settings = $querySettings->get() + $defaultSettings->get();
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Client/PsrClickHouseAsyncClient.php b/src/Client/PsrClickHouseAsyncClient.php
index 356c2bc..f0938bb 100644
--- a/src/Client/PsrClickHouseAsyncClient.php
+++ b/src/Client/PsrClickHouseAsyncClient.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\Format;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Logger\SqlLogger;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Output\Output;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\SettingsProvider;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Sql\SqlFactory;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Sql\ValueFormatter;
 
@@ -25,12 +27,11 @@ class PsrClickHouseAsyncClient implements ClickHouseAsyncClient
 {
     private SqlFactory $sqlFactory;
 
-    /** @param array<string, float|int|string> $defaultSettings */
     public function __construct(
         private HttpAsyncClient $asyncClient,
         private RequestFactory $requestFactory,
         private SqlLogger|null $sqlLogger = null,
-        private array $defaultSettings = [],
+        private SettingsProvider $defaultSettings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ) {
         $this->sqlFactory = new SqlFactory(new ValueFormatter());
     }
@@ -40,8 +41,11 @@ public function __construct(
      *
      * @throws Exception
      */
-    public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): PromiseInterface
-    {
+    public function select(
+        string $query,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): PromiseInterface {
         return $this->selectWithParams($query, [], $outputFormat, $settings);
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ public function selectWithParams(
         string $query,
         array $params,
         Format $outputFormat,
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): PromiseInterface {
         $formatClause = $outputFormat::toSql();
 
@@ -75,7 +79,6 @@ public function selectWithParams(
 
     /**
      * @param array<string, mixed> $params
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      * @param (callable(ResponseInterface):mixed)|null $processResponse
      *
      * @throws Exception
@@ -83,8 +86,8 @@ public function selectWithParams(
     private function executeRequest(
         string $sql,
         array $params,
-        array $settings = [],
-        callable|null $processResponse = null,
+        SettingsProvider $settings,
+        callable|null $processResponse,
     ): PromiseInterface {
         $request = $this->requestFactory->prepareSqlRequest(
             $sql,
diff --git a/src/Client/PsrClickHouseClient.php b/src/Client/PsrClickHouseClient.php
index b5bb102..a4f768d 100644
--- a/src/Client/PsrClickHouseClient.php
+++ b/src/Client/PsrClickHouseClient.php
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Logger\SqlLogger;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Output\Output;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Schema\Table;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\SettingsProvider;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Sql\SqlFactory;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Sql\ValueFormatter;
 
@@ -42,18 +44,17 @@ class PsrClickHouseClient implements ClickHouseClient
 
     private SqlFactory $sqlFactory;
 
-    /** @param array<string, float|int|string> $defaultSettings */
     public function __construct(
         private ClientInterface $client,
         private RequestFactory $requestFactory,
         private SqlLogger|null $sqlLogger = null,
-        private array $defaultSettings = [],
+        private SettingsProvider $defaultSettings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ) {
         $this->valueFormatter = new ValueFormatter();
         $this->sqlFactory     = new SqlFactory($this->valueFormatter);
     }
 
-    public function executeQuery(string $query, array $settings = []): void
+    public function executeQuery(string $query, SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider()): void
     {
         try {
             $this->executeRequest($query, params: [], settings: $settings);
@@ -62,8 +63,11 @@ public function executeQuery(string $query, array $settings = []): void
         }
     }
 
-    public function executeQueryWithParams(string $query, array $params, array $settings = []): void
-    {
+    public function executeQueryWithParams(
+        string $query,
+        array $params,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): void {
         $this->executeRequest(
             $this->sqlFactory->createWithParameters($query, $params),
             params: $params,
@@ -71,8 +75,11 @@ public function executeQueryWithParams(string $query, array $params, array $sett
         );
     }
 
-    public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): Output
-    {
+    public function select(
+        string $query,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): Output {
         try {
             return $this->selectWithParams($query, params: [], outputFormat: $outputFormat, settings: $settings);
         } catch (UnsupportedParamValue | UnsupportedParamType) {
@@ -80,8 +87,12 @@ public function select(string $query, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []
         }
     }
 
-    public function selectWithParams(string $query, array $params, Format $outputFormat, array $settings = []): Output
-    {
+    public function selectWithParams(
+        string $query,
+        array $params,
+        Format $outputFormat,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): Output {
         $formatClause = $outputFormat::toSql();
 
         $sql = $this->sqlFactory->createWithParameters($query, $params);
@@ -98,8 +109,12 @@ public function selectWithParams(string $query, array $params, Format $outputFor
         return $outputFormat::output($response->getBody()->__toString());
     }
 
-    public function insert(Table|string $table, array $values, array|null $columns = null, array $settings = []): void
-    {
+    public function insert(
+        Table|string $table,
+        array $values,
+        array|null $columns = null,
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+    ): void {
         if ($values === []) {
             throw CannotInsert::noValues();
         }
@@ -192,7 +207,7 @@ public function insertWithFormat(
         Table|string $table,
         Format $inputFormat,
         string $data,
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): void {
         $formatSql = $inputFormat::toSql();
 
@@ -220,7 +235,7 @@ public function insertPayload(
         Format $inputFormat,
         StreamInterface $payload,
         array $columns = [],
-        array $settings = [],
+        SettingsProvider $settings = new EmptySettingsProvider(),
     ): void {
         if ($payload->getSize() === 0) {
             throw CannotInsert::noValues();
@@ -259,13 +274,12 @@ public function insertPayload(
 
     /**
      * @param array<string, mixed> $params
-     * @param array<string, float|int|string> $settings
      *
      * @throws ServerError
      * @throws ClientExceptionInterface
      * @throws UnsupportedParamType
      */
-    private function executeRequest(string $sql, array $params, array $settings): ResponseInterface
+    private function executeRequest(string $sql, array $params, SettingsProvider $settings): ResponseInterface
     {
         $request = $this->requestFactory->prepareSqlRequest(
             $sql,
diff --git a/src/Settings/ArraySettingsProvider.php b/src/Settings/ArraySettingsProvider.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e213486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Settings/ArraySettingsProvider.php
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings;
+
+/** @phpstan-import-type Settings from SettingsProvider */
+final readonly class ArraySettingsProvider implements SettingsProvider
+{
+    /** @phpstan-param Settings $settings */
+    public function __construct(private array $settings = [])
+    {
+    }
+
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        return $this->settings;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Settings/EmptySettingsProvider.php b/src/Settings/EmptySettingsProvider.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03250b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Settings/EmptySettingsProvider.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings;
+
+final readonly class EmptySettingsProvider implements SettingsProvider
+{
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Settings/SettingsProvider.php b/src/Settings/SettingsProvider.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..402b5f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Settings/SettingsProvider.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings;
+
+/** @phpstan-type Settings array<string, float|int|string> */
+interface SettingsProvider
+{
+    /** @phpstan-return Settings */
+    public function get(): array;
+}
diff --git a/tests/Client/Http/RequestFactoryTest.php b/tests/Client/Http/RequestFactoryTest.php
index b45eda8..b0ad671 100644
--- a/tests/Client/Http/RequestFactoryTest.php
+++ b/tests/Client/Http/RequestFactoryTest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Client\Http\RequestOptions;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Client\Http\RequestSettings;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Param\ParamValueConverterRegistry;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\ArraySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\TestCaseBase;
 
 use function implode;
@@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ public function testPrepareRequest(string $uri, string $expectedUri): void
         $request = $requestFactory->prepareSqlRequest(
             'SELECT 1',
             new RequestSettings(
-                ['max_block_size' => 1],
-                ['database' => 'database'],
+                new ArraySettingsProvider(['max_block_size' => 1]),
+                new ArraySettingsProvider(['database' => 'database']),
             ),
             new RequestOptions(
                 [],
@@ -83,8 +85,8 @@ public function testParamParsed(): void
         $request = $requestFactory->prepareSqlRequest(
             'SELECT {p1:String}, {p_2:DateTime}',
             new RequestSettings(
-                [],
-                [],
+                new EmptySettingsProvider(),
+                new EmptySettingsProvider(),
             ),
             new RequestOptions(
                 [
diff --git a/tests/Client/Http/RequestSettingsTest.php b/tests/Client/Http/RequestSettingsTest.php
index 532874a..318b1b6 100644
--- a/tests/Client/Http/RequestSettingsTest.php
+++ b/tests/Client/Http/RequestSettingsTest.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Client\Http\RequestSettings;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\ArraySettingsProvider;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\TestCaseBase;
 
 #[CoversClass(RequestSettings::class)]
@@ -14,8 +15,8 @@ final class RequestSettingsTest extends TestCaseBase
     public function testMergeSettings(): void
     {
         $requestSettings = new RequestSettings(
-            ['database' => 'foo', 'a' => 1],
-            ['database' => 'bar', 'b' => 2],
+            new ArraySettingsProvider(['database' => 'foo', 'a' => 1]),
+            new ArraySettingsProvider(['database' => 'bar', 'b' => 2]),
         );
 
         self::assertSame('bar', $requestSettings->settings['database']);
diff --git a/tests/Client/SelectTest.php b/tests/Client/SelectTest.php
index c78f4e5..b17c04c 100644
--- a/tests/Client/SelectTest.php
+++ b/tests/Client/SelectTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\JsonEachRow;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\Null_;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Format\TabSeparated;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\ArraySettingsProvider;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\TestCaseBase;
 use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\WithClient;
 
@@ -168,6 +169,6 @@ public function testSettingsArePassed(): void
         self::expectException(ServerError::class);
         $this->expectExceptionMessageMatches("~DB::Exception: Database `non-existent` (doesn't|does not) exist~");
 
-        self::$client->select('SELECT 1', new JsonCompact(), ['database' => 'non-existent']);
+        self::$client->select('SELECT 1', new JsonCompact(), new ArraySettingsProvider(['database' => 'non-existent']));
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Settings/ArraySettingsProviderTest.php b/tests/Settings/ArraySettingsProviderTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c44f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Settings/ArraySettingsProviderTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\Settings;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\ArraySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\TestCaseBase;
+
+#[CoversClass(ArraySettingsProvider::class)]
+final class ArraySettingsProviderTest extends TestCaseBase
+{
+    public function testGetWithEmptyArray(): void
+    {
+        $provider = new ArraySettingsProvider();
+
+        self::assertSame([], $provider->get());
+    }
+
+    public function testGetWithSettings(): void
+    {
+        $settings = [
+            'max_memory_usage' => 1000000000,
+            'send_logs_level' => 'trace',
+            'connect_timeout' => 10.0,
+        ];
+
+        $provider = new ArraySettingsProvider($settings);
+
+        self::assertSame($settings, $provider->get());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Settings/EmptySettingsProviderTest.php b/tests/Settings/EmptySettingsProviderTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83f3195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Settings/EmptySettingsProviderTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\Settings;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Settings\EmptySettingsProvider;
+use SimPod\ClickHouseClient\Tests\TestCaseBase;
+
+#[CoversClass(EmptySettingsProvider::class)]
+final class EmptySettingsProviderTest extends TestCaseBase
+{
+    public function testGetReturnsEmptyArray(): void
+    {
+        $provider = new EmptySettingsProvider();
+
+        self::assertSame([], $provider->get());
+    }
+}