9797== SPI CLOCK RATES
9898
9999The maximum SPI clock of the BCM2835-SPI driver and the 7i90 is
100- documented over 32MHz . The SPI driver can provide frequencies well
100+ documented over 32␗MHz . The SPI driver can provide frequencies well
101101beyond what is acceptable for the 7i90. A safe value to start with would
102- be 12.5 MHz (spiclk_rate=12500) and then work your way up from there.
102+ be 12.5  MHz (spiclk_rate=12500) and then work your way up from there.
103103
104104The SPI driver generates (very) discrete clock frequency values,
105105especially in the MHz range because of a simple clock divider structure.
106- The base frequency is 250 MHz and the divider for SPI0/SPI1 scales using
106+ The base frequency is 250  MHz and the divider for SPI0/SPI1 scales using
107107discrete factors. The following list specifies the *spiclk_rate* setting
108- and the discrete SPI clock frequency (250 MHz / (2n) for n > 1):
109- - 62500 - 62.500 MHz,
110- - 41667 - 41.667 MHz,
111- - 31250 - 31.250 MHz,
112- - 25000 - 25.000 MHz,
113- - 20834 - 20.833 MHz,
114- - 17858 - 17.857 MHz,
115- - 15625 - 15.625 MHz,
116- - 13889 - 13.889 MHz,
117- - 12500 - 12.500 MHz,
118- - 11364 - 11.364 MHz,
119- - 10417 - 10.417 MHz,
120- - 9616 - 9.615 MHz,
121- - ....
108+ and the discrete SPI clock frequency (250 MHz / (2__n__) for _n_ > 1):
109+
110+ [cols=">,>"]
111+ |===
112+ | _n_ | Frequency range |
113+ | 2 | 62500 - 62.500 MHz, |
114+ | 3 | 41667 - 41.667 MHz, |
115+ | 4 | 31250 - 31.250 MHz, |
116+ | 5 | 25000 - 25.000 MHz, |
117+ | 6 | 20834 - 20.833 MHz, |
118+ | 7 | 17858 - 17.857 MHz, |
119+ | 8 | 15625 - 15.625 MHz, |
120+ | 9 | 13889 - 13.889 MHz, |
121+ | 10 | 12500 - 12.500 MHz, |
122+ | 11 | 11364 - 11.364 MHz, |
123+ | 12 | 10417 - 10.417 MHz, |
124+ | 13 | 9616 - 9.615 MHz, |
125+ | 14+ | .... |
126+ |===
122127
123128The lowest selectable SPI clock frequency is 30 kHz (spiclk_rate=30) for
124129SPI0 and SPI1. Theoretically, the SPI0 port could go slower, but there
@@ -138,8 +143,8 @@ Writing to the 7i90 may be done faster than reading. This is especially
138143important if you have "long" wires or any buffers on the SPI-bus path.
139144You can set the read clock frequency to a lower value (using
140145*spiclk_rate_rd*) to counter the effects of the SPI-bus round-trip
141- needed for read actions. For example, you can write at 41.67 MHz and
142- read at 25.00 MHz.
146+ needed for read actions. For example, you can write at 41.67␗ MHz and
147+ read at 25.00␗ MHz.
143148
144149It should be noted that the Rpi3 *must* have an adequate 5V power supply
145150and the power should be properly decoupled right on the 40-pin I/O
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