diff --git a/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelObservationIT.java b/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelObservationIT.java
index 38b3c9026fb..4631ab807cd 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelObservationIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelObservationIT.java
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.springframework.ai.mistralai;
 
+import io.micrometer.common.KeyValue;
 import io.micrometer.observation.tck.TestObservationRegistry;
 import io.micrometer.observation.tck.TestObservationRegistryAssert;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
@@ -127,18 +128,9 @@ private void validate(ChatResponseMetadata responseMetadata) {
 			.hasLowCardinalityKeyValue(LowCardinalityKeyNames.AI_PROVIDER.asString(), AiProvider.MISTRAL_AI.value())
 			.hasLowCardinalityKeyValue(LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL.asString(),
 					MistralAiApi.ChatModel.OPEN_MISTRAL_7B.getValue())
-			.matches(contextView -> {
-				var keyValue = contextView.getLowCardinalityKeyValues()
-					.stream()
-					.filter(tag -> tag.getKey().equals(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString()))
-					.findFirst();
-				if (StringUtils.hasText(responseMetadata.getModel())) {
-					return keyValue.isPresent() && keyValue.get().getValue().equals(responseMetadata.getModel());
-				}
-				else {
-					return keyValue.isEmpty();
-				}
-			})
+			.hasLowCardinalityKeyValue(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString(),
+					StringUtils.hasText(responseMetadata.getModel()) ? responseMetadata.getModel()
+							: KeyValue.NONE_VALUE)
 			.doesNotHaveHighCardinalityKeyValueWithKey(HighCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_FREQUENCY_PENALTY.asString())
 			.hasHighCardinalityKeyValue(HighCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS.asString(), "2048")
 			.doesNotHaveHighCardinalityKeyValueWithKey(HighCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_PRESENCE_PENALTY.asString())
diff --git a/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConvention.java b/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConvention.java
index ad8b80d5e44..fe1d9741d03 100644
--- a/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConvention.java
+++ b/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConvention.java
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ public class DefaultChatModelObservationConvention implements ChatModelObservati
 	private static final KeyValue REQUEST_MODEL_NONE = KeyValue
 		.of(ChatModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL, KeyValue.NONE_VALUE);
 
+	private static final KeyValue RESPONSE_MODEL_NONE = KeyValue
+		.of(ChatModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL, KeyValue.NONE_VALUE);
+
 	public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "gen_ai.client.operation";
 
 	@Override
@@ -52,9 +55,8 @@ public String getContextualName(ChatModelObservationContext context) {
 
 	@Override
 	public KeyValues getLowCardinalityKeyValues(ChatModelObservationContext context) {
-		var keyValues = KeyValues.of(aiOperationType(context), aiProvider(context), requestModel(context));
-		keyValues = responseModel(keyValues, context);
-		return keyValues;
+		return KeyValues.of(aiOperationType(context), aiProvider(context), requestModel(context),
+				responseModel(context));
 	}
 
 	protected KeyValue aiOperationType(ChatModelObservationContext context) {
@@ -75,13 +77,13 @@ protected KeyValue requestModel(ChatModelObservationContext context) {
 		return REQUEST_MODEL_NONE;
 	}
 
-	protected KeyValues responseModel(KeyValues keyValues, ChatModelObservationContext context) {
+	protected KeyValue responseModel(ChatModelObservationContext context) {
 		if (context.getResponse() != null && context.getResponse().getMetadata() != null
 				&& StringUtils.hasText(context.getResponse().getMetadata().getModel())) {
-			return keyValues.and(ChatModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString(),
+			return KeyValue.of(ChatModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL,
 					context.getResponse().getMetadata().getModel());
 		}
-		return keyValues;
+		return RESPONSE_MODEL_NONE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
diff --git a/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConvention.java b/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConvention.java
index 9b4c3163a82..6e4269fe9b4 100644
--- a/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConvention.java
+++ b/spring-ai-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConvention.java
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ public class DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConvention implements EmbeddingMode
 	private static final KeyValue REQUEST_MODEL_NONE = KeyValue
 		.of(EmbeddingModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL, KeyValue.NONE_VALUE);
 
+	private static final KeyValue RESPONSE_MODEL_NONE = KeyValue
+		.of(EmbeddingModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL, KeyValue.NONE_VALUE);
+
 	public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "gen_ai.client.operation";
 
 	@Override
@@ -48,9 +51,8 @@ public String getContextualName(EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
 
 	@Override
 	public KeyValues getLowCardinalityKeyValues(EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
-		var keyValues = KeyValues.of(aiOperationType(context), aiProvider(context), requestModel(context));
-		keyValues = responseModel(keyValues, context);
-		return keyValues;
+		return KeyValues.of(aiOperationType(context), aiProvider(context), requestModel(context),
+				responseModel(context));
 	}
 
 	protected KeyValue aiOperationType(EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
@@ -71,14 +73,13 @@ protected KeyValue requestModel(EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
 		return REQUEST_MODEL_NONE;
 	}
 
-	protected KeyValues responseModel(KeyValues keyValues, EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
+	protected KeyValue responseModel(EmbeddingModelObservationContext context) {
 		if (context.getResponse() != null && context.getResponse().getMetadata() != null
 				&& StringUtils.hasText(context.getResponse().getMetadata().getModel())) {
-			return keyValues.and(
-					EmbeddingModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString(),
+			return KeyValue.of(EmbeddingModelObservationDocumentation.LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL,
 					context.getResponse().getMetadata().getModel());
 		}
-		return keyValues;
+		return RESPONSE_MODEL_NONE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
diff --git a/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConventionTests.java b/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConventionTests.java
index 2885a35a0d7..42164fa9463 100644
--- a/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConventionTests.java
+++ b/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/observation/DefaultChatModelObservationConventionTests.java
@@ -140,9 +140,8 @@ void shouldNotHaveKeyValuesWhenMissing() {
 			.requestOptions(ChatOptionsBuilder.builder().build())
 			.build();
 		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getLowCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext))
-			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE));
-		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getLowCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext))
-			.noneMatch(keyValue -> keyValue.getKey().equals(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString()));
+			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE))
+			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE));
 		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getHighCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext)
 			.stream()
 			.map(KeyValue::getKey)
diff --git a/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConventionTests.java b/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConventionTests.java
index ff101b31edf..f973d95eb49 100644
--- a/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConventionTests.java
+++ b/spring-ai-core/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/embedding/observation/DefaultEmbeddingModelObservationConventionTests.java
@@ -115,9 +115,8 @@ void shouldNotHaveKeyValuesWhenMissing() {
 			.requestOptions(EmbeddingOptionsBuilder.builder().build())
 			.build();
 		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getLowCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext))
-			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE));
-		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getLowCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext))
-			.noneMatch(keyValue -> keyValue.getKey().equals(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString()));
+			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.REQUEST_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE))
+			.contains(KeyValue.of(LowCardinalityKeyNames.RESPONSE_MODEL.asString(), KeyValue.NONE_VALUE));
 		assertThat(this.observationConvention.getHighCardinalityKeyValues(observationContext)
 			.stream()
 			.map(KeyValue::getKey)