diff --git a/advisors/spring-ai-advisors-vector-store/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/vectorstore/VectorStoreChatMemoryAdvisor.java b/advisors/spring-ai-advisors-vector-store/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/vectorstore/VectorStoreChatMemoryAdvisor.java
index c09b9719ff0..76c7ad36883 100644
--- a/advisors/spring-ai-advisors-vector-store/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/vectorstore/VectorStoreChatMemoryAdvisor.java
+++ b/advisors/spring-ai-advisors-vector-store/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/vectorstore/VectorStoreChatMemoryAdvisor.java
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ private AdvisedRequest before(AdvisedRequest request) {
 			.systemParams(advisedSystemParams)
 			.build();
 
-		UserMessage userMessage = new UserMessage(request.userText(), request.media());
+		UserMessage userMessage = UserMessage.builder().text(request.userText()).media(request.media()).build();
 		this.getChatMemoryStore()
 			.write(toDocuments(List.of(userMessage), this.doGetConversationId(request.adviseContext())));
 
diff --git a/auto-configurations/models/chat/memory/spring-ai-autoconfigure-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/model/chat/memory/neo4j/autoconfigure/Neo4jChatMemoryAutoConfigurationIT.java b/auto-configurations/models/chat/memory/spring-ai-autoconfigure-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/model/chat/memory/neo4j/autoconfigure/Neo4jChatMemoryAutoConfigurationIT.java
index 95d7e8a2306..1a9705442bd 100644
--- a/auto-configurations/models/chat/memory/spring-ai-autoconfigure-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/model/chat/memory/neo4j/autoconfigure/Neo4jChatMemoryAutoConfigurationIT.java
+++ b/auto-configurations/models/chat/memory/spring-ai-autoconfigure-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/model/chat/memory/neo4j/autoconfigure/Neo4jChatMemoryAutoConfigurationIT.java
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ void addAndGet() {
 						.data("hello".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
 						.build(),
 					Media.builder().data(URI.create("http://www.google.com").toURL()).mimeType(textPlain).build());
-			UserMessage userMessageWithMedia = new UserMessage("Message with media", media);
+			UserMessage userMessageWithMedia = UserMessage.builder().text("Message with media").media(media).build();
 			memory.add(sessionId, userMessageWithMedia);
 
 			messages = memory.get(sessionId, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
diff --git a/memory/spring-ai-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/memory/neo4j/Neo4jChatMemory.java b/memory/spring-ai-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/memory/neo4j/Neo4jChatMemory.java
index 0acae6f0734..4a9fd7250fa 100644
--- a/memory/spring-ai-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/memory/neo4j/Neo4jChatMemory.java
+++ b/memory/spring-ai-model-chat-memory-neo4j/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/memory/neo4j/Neo4jChatMemory.java
@@ -265,8 +265,11 @@ private Message buildUserMessage(org.neo4j.driver.Record record, Map<String, Obj
 			List<Media> mediaList) {
 		Message message;
 		Map<String, Object> metadata = record.get("metadata").asMap();
-		message = new UserMessage(messageMap.get(MessageAttributes.TEXT_CONTENT.getValue()).toString(), mediaList,
-				metadata);
+		message = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text(messageMap.get(MessageAttributes.TEXT_CONTENT.getValue()).toString())
+			.media(mediaList)
+			.metadata(metadata)
+			.build();
 		return message;
 	}
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-anthropic/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/anthropic/AnthropicChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-anthropic/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/anthropic/AnthropicChatModelIT.java
index e404187f636..5c8edc1e4b5 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-anthropic/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/anthropic/AnthropicChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-anthropic/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/anthropic/AnthropicChatModelIT.java
@@ -236,8 +236,10 @@ void multiModalityTest() throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
@@ -251,9 +253,10 @@ void multiModalityPdfTest() throws IOException {
 
 		var pdfData = new ClassPathResource("/spring-ai-reference-overview.pdf");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage(
-				"You are a very professional document summarization specialist. Please summarize the given document.",
-				List.of(new Media(new MimeType("application", "pdf"), pdfData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("You are a very professional document summarization specialist. Please summarize the given document.")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(new MimeType("application", "pdf"), pdfData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage),
 				ToolCallingChatOptions.builder().model(AnthropicApi.ChatModel.CLAUDE_3_5_SONNET.getName()).build()));
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-bedrock-converse/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/bedrock/converse/BedrockProxyChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-bedrock-converse/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/bedrock/converse/BedrockProxyChatModelIT.java
index 86ef360e22d..0f08633a426 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-bedrock-converse/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/bedrock/converse/BedrockProxyChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-bedrock-converse/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/bedrock/converse/BedrockProxyChatModelIT.java
@@ -234,8 +234,10 @@ void multiModalityTest() throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelIT.java
index 0f493bec72b..bbf4d608d57 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-mistral-ai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/mistralai/MistralAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -265,8 +265,10 @@ void streamFunctionCallTest() {
 	void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) {
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), ChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -279,11 +281,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) {
 	@ParameterizedTest(name = "{0} : {displayName} ")
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "pixtral-large-latest" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), ChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -295,11 +299,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 	@Test
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl() throws IOException {
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.streamingChatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage),
 				ChatOptions.builder().model(MistralAiApi.ChatModel.PIXTRAL_LARGE.getValue()).build()));
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-ollama/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/ollama/OllamaChatModelMultimodalIT.java b/models/spring-ai-ollama/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/ollama/OllamaChatModelMultimodalIT.java
index d09c67954fd..28064bb7732 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-ollama/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/ollama/OllamaChatModelMultimodalIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-ollama/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/ollama/OllamaChatModelMultimodalIT.java
@@ -51,8 +51,10 @@ class OllamaChatModelMultimodalIT extends BaseOllamaIT {
 	void unsupportedMediaType() {
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/norway.webp");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see in this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see in this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		assertThatThrownBy(() -> this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage))))
 			.isInstanceOf(RuntimeException.class);
@@ -62,8 +64,10 @@ void unsupportedMediaType() {
 	void multiModalityTest() {
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see in this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see in this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/MessageTypeContentTests.java b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/MessageTypeContentTests.java
index 03fa776748d..5a0968a4962 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/MessageTypeContentTests.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/MessageTypeContentTests.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.ai.openai.chat;
 
 import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -127,8 +128,10 @@ public void userMessageWithMediaType() throws MalformedURLException {
 			.willReturn(Mockito.mock(ResponseEntity.class));
 
 		URL mediaUrl = new URL("http://test");
-		this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(new UserMessage("test message",
-				List.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_JPEG).data(mediaUrl).build())))));
+		this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("test message")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_JPEG).data(mediaUrl).build()))
+			.build())));
 
 		validateComplexContent(this.pomptCaptor.getValue());
 	}
@@ -139,10 +142,11 @@ public void streamUserMessageWithMediaType() throws MalformedURLException {
 		given(this.openAiApi.chatCompletionStream(this.pomptCaptor.capture(), this.headersCaptor.capture()))
 			.willReturn(this.fluxResponse);
 
-		URL mediaUrl = new URL("http://test");
-		this.chatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(new UserMessage("test message",
-				List.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_JPEG).data(mediaUrl).build())))))
-			.subscribe();
+		URI mediaUrl = URI.create("http://test");
+		this.chatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("test message")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_JPEG).data(mediaUrl).build()))
+			.build()))).subscribe();
 
 		validateComplexContent(this.pomptCaptor.getValue());
 	}
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/OpenAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/OpenAiChatModelIT.java
index 241bb8849db..5910d31ace7 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/OpenAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/OpenAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -457,8 +457,10 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -472,11 +474,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "gpt-4o" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -489,11 +493,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@Test
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl() throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.streamingChatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage),
 				OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(OpenAiApi.ChatModel.GPT_4_O.getValue()).build()));
@@ -552,8 +558,10 @@ void streamingMultiModalityOutputAudio(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "gpt-4o-audio-preview" })
 	void multiModalityInputAudio(String modelName) {
 		var audioResource = new ClassPathResource("speech1.mp3");
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("What is this recording about?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.parseMimeType("audio/mp3"), audioResource)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("What is this recording about?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.parseMimeType("audio/mp3"), audioResource)))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), ChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -567,8 +575,10 @@ void multiModalityInputAudio(String modelName) {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "gpt-4o-audio-preview" })
 	void streamingMultiModalityInputAudio(String modelName) {
 		var audioResource = new ClassPathResource("speech1.mp3");
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("What is this recording about?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.parseMimeType("audio/mp3"), audioResource)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("What is this recording about?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.parseMimeType("audio/mp3"), audioResource)))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.chatModel
 			.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/GroqWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/GroqWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
index 1bb39e97a0e..e759c4cc17d 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/GroqWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/GroqWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -299,8 +299,10 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -315,11 +317,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "llama3-70b-8192" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -333,11 +337,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@Test
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl() throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.chatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/MistralWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/MistralWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
index 31898265ee8..386aec0a914 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/MistralWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/MistralWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.ai.openai.chat.proxy;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -305,8 +306,10 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -321,11 +324,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "mistral-small-latest" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -339,11 +344,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@Test
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl() throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(URI.create("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.chatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/OllamaWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/OllamaWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
index 33d278bd1ed..4c040bf16cd 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/OllamaWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-openai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/openai/chat/proxy/OllamaWithOpenAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.ai.openai.chat.proxy;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -328,8 +329,10 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -344,11 +347,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "llava" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(URI.create("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -363,11 +368,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "llava" })
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.chatModel
 			.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), OpenAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/CreateGeminiRequestTests.java b/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/CreateGeminiRequestTests.java
index 802fab3b8a9..af061c0b01f 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/CreateGeminiRequestTests.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/CreateGeminiRequestTests.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.ai.vertexai.gemini;
 
 import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.List;
 
@@ -83,8 +84,11 @@ public void createRequestWithSystemMessage() throws MalformedURLException {
 
 		var systemMessage = new SystemMessage("System Message Text");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("User Message Text",
-				List.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG).data(new URL("http://example.com")).build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("User Message Text")
+			.media(List
+				.of(Media.builder().mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG).data(URI.create("http://example.com")).build()))
+			.build();
 
 		var client = VertexAiGeminiChatModel.builder()
 			.vertexAI(this.vertexAI)
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/VertexAiGeminiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/VertexAiGeminiChatModelIT.java
index 3dec24540eb..904e0a836d2 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/VertexAiGeminiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-vertex-ai-gemini/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/vertexai/gemini/VertexAiGeminiChatModelIT.java
@@ -246,8 +246,10 @@ void multiModalityTest() throws IOException {
 
 		var data = new ClassPathResource("/vertex.test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see o this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, data)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see o this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, data)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
@@ -284,9 +286,10 @@ void multiModalityPdfTest() throws IOException {
 
 		var pdfData = new ClassPathResource("/spring-ai-reference-overview.pdf");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage(
-				"You are a very professional document summarization specialist. Please summarize the given document.",
-				List.of(new Media(new MimeType("application", "pdf"), pdfData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("You are a very professional document summarization specialist. Please summarize the given document.")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(new MimeType("application", "pdf"), pdfData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage)));
 
diff --git a/models/spring-ai-zhipuai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/zhipuai/chat/ZhiPuAiChatModelIT.java b/models/spring-ai-zhipuai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/zhipuai/chat/ZhiPuAiChatModelIT.java
index 34dc56a3af4..467d4d17978 100644
--- a/models/spring-ai-zhipuai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/zhipuai/chat/ZhiPuAiChatModelIT.java
+++ b/models/spring-ai-zhipuai/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/zhipuai/chat/ZhiPuAiChatModelIT.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.springframework.ai.zhipuai.chat;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -284,8 +285,10 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
 		var imageData = new ClassPathResource("/test.png");
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG, imageData)))
+			.build();
 
 		var response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), ZhiPuAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -299,11 +302,13 @@ void multiModalityEmbeddedImage(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@ValueSource(strings = { "glm-4v" })
 	void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(URI.create("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		ChatResponse response = this.chatModel
 			.call(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage), ZhiPuAiChatOptions.builder().model(modelName).build()));
@@ -316,11 +321,13 @@ void multiModalityImageUrl(String modelName) throws IOException {
 	@Test
 	void streamingMultiModalityImageUrl() throws IOException {
 
-		var userMessage = new UserMessage("Explain what do you see on this picture?",
-				List.of(Media.builder()
-					.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
-					.data(new URL("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
-					.build()));
+		var userMessage = UserMessage.builder()
+			.text("Explain what do you see on this picture?")
+			.media(List.of(Media.builder()
+				.mimeType(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_PNG)
+				.data(URI.create("https://docs.spring.io/spring-ai/reference/_images/multimodal.test.png"))
+				.build()))
+			.build();
 
 		Flux<ChatResponse> response = this.streamingChatModel.stream(new Prompt(List.of(userMessage),
 				ZhiPuAiChatOptions.builder().model(ZhiPuAiApi.ChatModel.GLM_4V.getValue()).build()));
diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/MessageChatMemoryAdvisor.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/MessageChatMemoryAdvisor.java
index cd1c53cb301..6a563e52025 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/MessageChatMemoryAdvisor.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/MessageChatMemoryAdvisor.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ private AdvisedRequest before(AdvisedRequest request) {
 		AdvisedRequest advisedRequest = AdvisedRequest.from(request).messages(advisedMessages).build();
 
 		// 4. Add the new user input to the conversation memory.
-		UserMessage userMessage = new UserMessage(request.userText(), request.media());
+		UserMessage userMessage = UserMessage.builder().text(request.userText()).media(request.media()).build();
 		this.getChatMemoryStore().add(this.doGetConversationId(request.adviseContext()), userMessage);
 
 		return advisedRequest;
diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/PromptChatMemoryAdvisor.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/PromptChatMemoryAdvisor.java
index e049cecfc62..e8d919dd794 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/PromptChatMemoryAdvisor.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/PromptChatMemoryAdvisor.java
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ private AdvisedRequest before(AdvisedRequest request) {
 			.build();
 
 		// 4. Add the new user input to the conversation memory.
-		UserMessage userMessage = new UserMessage(request.userText(), request.media());
+		UserMessage userMessage = UserMessage.builder().text(request.userText()).media(request.media()).build();
 		this.getChatMemoryStore().add(this.doGetConversationId(request.adviseContext()), userMessage);
 
 		return advisedRequest;
diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/api/AdvisedRequest.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/api/AdvisedRequest.java
index e22545f9c57..4d8352eda96 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/api/AdvisedRequest.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/advisor/api/AdvisedRequest.java
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ public Prompt toPrompt(TemplateRenderer templateRenderer) {
 					.build()
 					.render();
 			}
-			messages.add(new UserMessage(processedUserText, this.media()));
+			messages.add(UserMessage.builder().text(processedUserText).media(this.media()).build());
 		}
 
 		if (this.chatOptions() instanceof ToolCallingChatOptions toolCallingChatOptions) {
diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/ChatClientTest.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/ChatClientTest.java
index b8d4b1c00d1..87285182f74 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/ChatClientTest.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/ChatClientTest.java
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ void simpleUserPromptObject() {
 		var media = new Media(MimeTypeUtils.IMAGE_JPEG,
 				new DefaultResourceLoader().getResource("classpath:/bikes.json"));
 
-		UserMessage message = new UserMessage("User prompt", List.of(media));
+		UserMessage message = UserMessage.builder().text("User prompt").media(List.of(media)).build();
 		Prompt prompt = new Prompt(message);
 		assertThat(ChatClient.builder(this.chatModel).build().prompt(prompt).call().content()).isEqualTo("response");
 
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ void whenPromptWithMessages() {
 			.willReturn(new ChatResponse(List.of(new Generation(new AssistantMessage("response")))));
 
 		var chatClient = ChatClient.builder(this.chatModel).build();
-		var prompt = new Prompt(new SystemMessage("instructions"), new UserMessage("my question"));
+		var prompt = new Prompt(new SystemMessage("instructions"), UserMessage.builder().text("my question").build());
 		var content = chatClient.prompt(prompt).call().content();
 
 		assertThat(content).isEqualTo("response");
diff --git a/spring-ai-model/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/messages/UserMessage.java b/spring-ai-model/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/messages/UserMessage.java
index 52caeddf75e..499949153f6 100644
--- a/spring-ai-model/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/messages/UserMessage.java
+++ b/spring-ai-model/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/messages/UserMessage.java
@@ -44,47 +44,15 @@ public UserMessage(String textContent) {
 		this(textContent, new ArrayList<>(), Map.of());
 	}
 
-	public UserMessage(Resource resource) {
-		this(MessageUtils.readResource(resource));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @deprecated use {@link #builder()} instead.
-	 */
-	@Deprecated
-	public UserMessage(String textContent, List<Media> media) {
-		this(MessageType.USER, textContent, media, Map.of());
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @deprecated use {@link #builder()} instead.
-	 */
-	@Deprecated
-	public UserMessage(String textContent, Media... media) {
-		this(textContent, Arrays.asList(media));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @deprecated use {@link #builder()} instead. Will be made private in the next
-	 * release.
-	 */
-	@Deprecated
-	public UserMessage(String textContent, Collection<Media> media, Map<String, Object> metadata) {
+	private UserMessage(String textContent, Collection<Media> media, Map<String, Object> metadata) {
 		super(MessageType.USER, textContent, metadata);
 		Assert.notNull(media, "media cannot be null");
 		Assert.noNullElements(media, "media cannot have null elements");
 		this.media = new ArrayList<>(media);
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * @deprecated use {@link #builder()} instead.
-	 */
-	@Deprecated
-	public UserMessage(MessageType messageType, String textContent, Collection<Media> media,
-			Map<String, Object> metadata) {
-		super(messageType, textContent, metadata);
-		Assert.notNull(media, "media data must not be null");
-		this.media = new ArrayList<>(media);
+	public UserMessage(Resource resource) {
+		this(MessageUtils.readResource(resource));
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -105,7 +73,7 @@ public List<Media> getMedia() {
 	}
 
 	public UserMessage copy() {
-		return new UserMessage(getText(), List.copyOf(getMedia()), Map.copyOf(getMetadata()));
+		return new Builder().text(getText()).media(List.copyOf(getMedia())).metadata(Map.copyOf(getMetadata())).build();
 	}
 
 	public Builder mutate() {