diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClient.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClient.java
index 5cfe18ac9b4..e4f04a89041 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClient.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/main/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClient.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
 
 import io.micrometer.observation.Observation;
@@ -348,6 +349,11 @@ public static class DefaultCallResponseSpec implements CallResponseSpec {
 
 		private final ChatClientObservationConvention observationConvention;
 
+		/**
+		 * Used to ensure that the {@link CallResponseSpec} is used only once.
+		 */
+		private final AtomicBoolean used = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
 		public DefaultCallResponseSpec(ChatClientRequest chatClientRequest, BaseAdvisorChain advisorChain,
 				ObservationRegistry observationRegistry, ChatClientObservationConvention observationConvention) {
 			Assert.notNull(chatClientRequest, "chatClientRequest cannot be null");
@@ -450,6 +456,10 @@ private ChatClientResponse doGetObservableChatClientResponse(ChatClientRequest c
 		private ChatClientResponse doGetObservableChatClientResponse(ChatClientRequest chatClientRequest,
 				@Nullable String outputFormat) {
 
+			if (!this.used.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+				throw new IllegalStateException("The CallResponseSpec instance can only be used once.");
+			}
+
 			if (outputFormat != null) {
 				chatClientRequest.context().put(ChatClientAttributes.OUTPUT_FORMAT.getKey(), outputFormat);
 			}
@@ -494,6 +504,11 @@ public static class DefaultStreamResponseSpec implements StreamResponseSpec {
 
 		private final ChatClientObservationConvention observationConvention;
 
+		/**
+		 * Used to ensure that the {@link StreamResponseSpec} is used only once.
+		 */
+		private final AtomicBoolean used = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
 		public DefaultStreamResponseSpec(ChatClientRequest chatClientRequest, BaseAdvisorChain advisorChain,
 				ObservationRegistry observationRegistry, ChatClientObservationConvention observationConvention) {
 			Assert.notNull(chatClientRequest, "chatClientRequest cannot be null");
@@ -508,6 +523,11 @@ public DefaultStreamResponseSpec(ChatClientRequest chatClientRequest, BaseAdviso
 		}
 
 		private Flux<ChatClientResponse> doGetObservableFluxChatResponse(ChatClientRequest chatClientRequest) {
+
+			if (!this.used.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+				throw new IllegalStateException("The StreamResponseSpec instance can only be used once.");
+			}
+
 			return Flux.deferContextual(contextView -> {
 
 				ChatClientObservationContext observationContext = ChatClientObservationContext.builder()
diff --git a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClientTests.java b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClientTests.java
index 1c72596f490..8b9f231507f 100644
--- a/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClientTests.java
+++ b/spring-ai-client-chat/src/test/java/org/springframework/ai/chat/client/DefaultChatClientTests.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import org.springframework.util.MimeTypeUtils;
 
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatNoException;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
 import static org.mockito.BDDMockito.given;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@@ -686,6 +687,19 @@ void buildCallResponseSpecWithNullObservationConvention() {
 			.hasMessage("observationConvention cannot be null");
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	void whenUseCallResponseSpecTwiceThenThrow() {
+		ChatClient chatClient = new DefaultChatClientBuilder(mock(ChatModel.class)).build();
+		DefaultChatClient.DefaultChatClientRequestSpec chatClientRequestSpec = (DefaultChatClient.DefaultChatClientRequestSpec) chatClient
+			.prompt("question");
+		DefaultChatClient.DefaultCallResponseSpec spec = (DefaultChatClient.DefaultCallResponseSpec) chatClientRequestSpec
+			.call();
+
+		assertThatNoException().isThrownBy(() -> spec.content());
+		assertThatThrownBy(() -> spec.content()).isInstanceOf(IllegalStateException.class)
+			.hasMessage("The CallResponseSpec instance can only be used once.");
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	void whenSimplePromptThenChatClientResponse() {
 		ChatModel chatModel = mock(ChatModel.class);
@@ -1199,6 +1213,19 @@ void buildStreamResponseSpecWithNullObservationConvention() {
 			.hasMessage("observationConvention cannot be null");
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	void whenUseStreamResponseSpecTwiceThenThrow() {
+		ChatClient chatClient = new DefaultChatClientBuilder(mock(ChatModel.class)).build();
+		DefaultChatClient.DefaultChatClientRequestSpec chatClientRequestSpec = (DefaultChatClient.DefaultChatClientRequestSpec) chatClient
+			.prompt("question");
+		DefaultChatClient.DefaultStreamResponseSpec spec = (DefaultChatClient.DefaultStreamResponseSpec) chatClientRequestSpec
+			.stream();
+
+		assertThatNoException().isThrownBy(() -> spec.content());
+		assertThatThrownBy(() -> spec.content()).isInstanceOf(IllegalStateException.class)
+			.hasMessage("The StreamResponseSpec instance can only be used once.");
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	void whenSimplePromptThenFluxChatClientResponse() {
 		ChatModel chatModel = mock(ChatModel.class);