Short-circuit matching algorithm in `InstanceFilter`

[sbrannen]

Overview

In commit 97522cf, I implemented a short-circuiting matching algorithm in DefaultRetryPolicy for includes and excludes, which was later copied to MethodRetrySpec.

After we switched to using ExceptionTypeFilter in #35109, I realized that the matching algorithm in InstanceFilter (the superclass of ExceptionTypeFilter) does not exhibit the same short-circuiting characteristics.

In light of that, we should revise the matching algorithm in InstanceFilter to mirror the original short-circuiting algorithm in DefaultRetryPolicy.

Related Issues

• Introduce Builder API and factory methods for RetryPolicy #35058
• Use ExceptionTypeFilter to filter includes and excludes for retry policies #35109
• Support direct matching against exceptions in ExceptionTypeFilter #35160