feat: implement async jsonschema validation (#798)

## Closes

Add async JSON Schema validation:
[#627](https://github.com/stac-utils/rustac/issues/627?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

## Description

Adds asynchronous JSON Schema validation via [async
retrieve](Stranger6667/jsonschema#703)

## Checklist

Delete any checklist items that do not apply (e.g. if your change is
minor, it may not require documentation updates).

- [x] Unit tests
- [x] Documentation, including doctests
- [x] Git history is linear
- [x] Commit messages are descriptive
- [ ] (optional) Git commit messages follow [conventional
commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/)
- [x] Code is formatted (`cargo fmt`)
- [x] `cargo test`

<!-- markdownlint-disable-file MD041 -->

Author: jjcfrancisco

Cargo.toml

@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ arrow-json = "55.0.0"
 arrow-schema = "55.0.0"
 assert-json-diff = "2.0"
 assert_cmd = "2.0"
+async-recursion = "1.1.1"
 async-stream = "0.3.6"
+async-trait = "0.1.89"
 axum = "0.8.1"
 bb8 = "0.9.0"
 bb8-postgres = "0.9.0"
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ geojson = "0.24.1"
 getrandom = { version = "0.3.3", features = ["wasm_js"] }
 http = "1.1"
 indexmap = { version = "2.10.0", features = ["serde"] }
-jsonschema = { version = "0.33.0", default-features = false }
+jsonschema = { version = "0.33.0", default-features = false, features = ["resolve-async"] }
 libduckdb-sys = "1.3.0"
 log = "0.4.25"
 mime = "0.3.17"
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ quote = "1.0"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12.8", default-features = false, features = [
     "rustls-tls",
 ] }
+referencing = "0.33.0"
 rstest = "0.26.1"
 rustls = { version = "0.23.22", default-features = false }
 serde = "1.0"

crates/cli/src/lib.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use std::{
     io::Write,
     str::FromStr,
 };
-use tokio::{io::AsyncReadExt, net::TcpListener, runtime::Handle, task::JoinSet};
+use tokio::{io::AsyncReadExt, net::TcpListener, task::JoinSet};
 use tracing::metadata::Level;
 use tracing_indicatif::IndicatifLayer;
 use tracing_subscriber::{
@@ -492,9 +492,7 @@ impl Rustac {
             }
             Command::Validate { ref infile } => {
                 let value = self.get(infile.as_deref()).await?;
-                let result = Handle::current()
-                    .spawn_blocking(move || value.validate())
-                    .await?;
+                let result = value.validate().await;
                 if let Err(error) = result {
                     if let stac_validate::Error::Validation(errors) = error {
                         if let Some(format) = self.output_format {

crates/core/tests/examples.rs

@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ use stac_validate::Validate;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[rstest]
-fn v1_0_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.0.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn v1_0_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.0.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
     let value: Value = stac::read(path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
-    value.validate().unwrap();
+    value.validate().await.unwrap();
 }
 
 #[rstest]
-fn v1_1_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.1.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn v1_1_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.1.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
     let value: Value = stac::read(path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
-    value.validate().unwrap();
+    value.validate().await.unwrap();
 }

crates/core/tests/migrate.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use stac_validate::Validate;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[rstest]
-fn v1_0_0_to_v1_1_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.0.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn v1_0_0_to_v1_1_0(#[files("../../spec-examples/v1.0.0/**/*.json")] path: PathBuf) {
     let value: Value = stac::read(path.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
     let value = value.migrate(&Version::v1_1_0).unwrap();
-    value.validate().unwrap();
+    value.validate().await.unwrap();
 }

crates/duckdb/Cargo.toml

@@ -34,3 +34,4 @@ thiserror.workspace = true
 geo.workspace = true
 rstest.workspace = true
 stac-validate = { path = "../validate" }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }

crates/duckdb/src/client.rs

@@ -464,12 +464,13 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[rstest]
-    fn search(client: Client) {
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn search(client: Client) {
         let item_collection = client
             .search("data/100-sentinel-2-items.parquet", Search::default())
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(item_collection.items.len(), 100);
-        item_collection.items[0].validate().unwrap();
+        item_collection.items[0].validate().await.unwrap();
     }
 
     #[rstest]

crates/validate/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 stac.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
+async-trait.workspace = true
+referencing.workspace = true
+async-recursion.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 stac-io.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros"] }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }

crates/validate/src/lib.rs

@@ -8,19 +8,26 @@
 //! use stac::Item;
 //! use stac_validate::Validate;
 //!
-//! Item::new("an-id").validate().unwrap();
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() {
+//!     Item::new("an-id").validate().await.unwrap();
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! All fetched schemas are cached, so if you're you're doing multiple
 //! validations, you should re-use the same [Validator]:
 //!
 //! ```
-//! # use stac::Item;
+//! use stac::Item;
 //! use stac_validate::Validator;
-//! let mut items: Vec<_> = (0..10).map(|n| Item::new(format!("item-{}", n))).collect();
-//! let mut validator = Validator::new().unwrap();
-//! for item in items {
-//!     validator.validate(&item).unwrap();
+//!
+//! #[tokio::main]
+//! async fn main() {
+//!     let mut items: Vec<_> = (0..10).map(|n| Item::new(format!("item-{}", n))).collect();
+//!     let mut validator = Validator::new().await.unwrap();
+//!     for item in items {
+//!         validator.validate(&item).await.unwrap();
+//!     }
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
@@ -31,13 +38,15 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 
 mod error;
 mod validator;
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 pub use {error::Error, validator::Validator};
 
 /// Public result type.
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 
 /// Validate any serializable object with [json-schema](https://json-schema.org/)
+#[async_trait]
 pub trait Validate: Serialize + Sized {
     /// Validates this object.
     ///
@@ -53,16 +62,19 @@ pub trait Validate: Serialize + Sized {
     /// use stac::Item;
     /// use stac_validate::Validate;
     ///
-    /// let mut item = Item::new("an-id");
-    /// item.validate().unwrap();
+    /// #[tokio::main]
+    /// async fn main() {
+    ///     let mut item = Item::new("an-id");
+    ///     item.validate().await.unwrap();
+    /// }
     /// ```
-    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut validator = Validator::new()?;
-        validator.validate(self)
+    async fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut validator = Validator::new().await?;
+        validator.validate(self).await
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: Serialize> Validate for T {}
+impl<T: Serialize + Send + Sync> Validate for T {}
 
 /// Returns a string suitable for use as a HTTP user agent.
 pub fn user_agent() -> &'static str {