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Add support for @defer and @stream (#3819)
* Add imports for experimental execution and some initial types * Progress with fake data * Fix directive * Experimental execution disabled by default * Revert flag * Rename field so we don't get "did you mean" errors * Update schema * Mostly working already * Initial code for e2e tests * Structure * WIP * Allow failed * Push missing stuff * Update graphiql * It works if you return a blog post :D We need to un-hardcode the label * Workflow * Remove unused files * Non hard-coded labels * Add release notes * Fix type * Fix type * Implement Streamable * Fix annotation * ⚡️ Speed up function `process_result` by 100% in PR #3819 (`feature/defer`) (#3827) Co-authored-by: codeflash-ai[bot] <148906541+codeflash-ai[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> * Raise if not on graphql core 3.3.0 * Fix tests * Skip defer test * Manually print defer and stream directives * Support for GraphQL-core 3.3.0a9 * [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci * Type ignores * Fix test * Fix? * Docs * Fix? * Test * Final fix * Add tweet * Fix typo * Split tests * Refactor tests * Add failing test * WIP mask * Add test * Fix lint * "Fix" tests * Remove unused import * Note in the docs --------- Co-authored-by: codeflash-ai[bot] <148906541+codeflash-ai[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
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‎.alexrc

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"special",
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"primitive",
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"invalid",
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"failed"
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"failed",
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"crash"
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]
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}

‎.github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml

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name: 🎭 E2E Tests
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on:
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push:
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branches: [main]
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pull_request:
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branches: [main]
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paths:
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- "e2e/**"
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- ".github/workflows/e2e-tests.yml"
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jobs:
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e2e-tests:
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name: 🎭 Run E2E Tests
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runs-on: ubuntu-latest
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steps:
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- uses: actions/checkout@v4
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- name: Setup Bun
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uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
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- name: Install dependencies
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run: |
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cd e2e
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bun install
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- name: Install Playwright browsers
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run: |
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cd e2e
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bunx playwright install --with-deps
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- name: Setup Python
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uses: actions/setup-python@v5
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with:
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python-version: "3.12"
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- name: Install Poetry
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uses: snok/install-poetry@v1
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with:
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version: latest
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virtualenvs-create: true
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virtualenvs-in-project: true
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- name: Install Python dependencies
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run: |
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poetry install --extras debug-server
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poetry run pip install graphql-core==3.3.0a9
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- name: Start Strawberry server
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run: |
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cd e2e
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poetry run strawberry server app:schema --port 8000 &
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echo $! > server.pid
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sleep 5 # Wait for server to start
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- name: Check if server is running
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run: |
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curl -f http://localhost:8000/graphql || (echo "Server is not running" && exit 1)
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echo "GraphQL server is running successfully"
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- name: Run Playwright tests
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run: |
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cd e2e
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bunx playwright test
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- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
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if: always()
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with:
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name: playwright-report
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path: e2e/playwright-report/
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retention-days: 30

‎RELEASE.md

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Release type: minor
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This release adds experimental support for GraphQL's `@defer` and `@stream` directives, enabling incremental delivery of response data.
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Note: this only works when using Strawberry with `graphql-core>=3.3.0a9`.
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## Features
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- **`@defer` directive**: Allows fields to be resolved asynchronously and delivered incrementally
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- **`@stream` directive**: Enables streaming of list fields using the new `strawberry.Streamable` type
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- **`strawberry.Streamable[T]`**: A new generic type for defining streamable fields that work with `@stream`
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## Configuration
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To enable these experimental features, configure your schema with:
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```python
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from strawberry.schema.config import StrawberryConfig
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schema = strawberry.Schema(
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query=Query, config=StrawberryConfig(enable_experimental_incremental_execution=True)
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)
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```

‎TWEET.md

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🆕 Release $version is out! Thanks to $contributor for the PR 👏
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This release adds experimental support for GraphQL's @defer and @stream directives, enabling incremental delivery of response data! 🚀
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Get it here 👉 $release_url

‎docs/README.md

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- [Lazy types](./types/lazy.md)
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- [Exceptions](./types/exceptions.md)
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- [Private/External Fields](./types/private.md)
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- [Defer and Stream](./types/defer-and-stream.md)
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## Codegen
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‎docs/types/defer-and-stream.md

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---
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title: Defer and Stream
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---
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# Defer and Stream
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Strawberry provides experimental support for GraphQL's `@defer` and `@stream`
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directives, which enable incremental delivery of response data. These directives
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allow parts of a GraphQL response to be delivered as they become available,
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rather than waiting for the entire response to be ready.
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<Note>
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This feature requires `graphql-core>=3.3.0a9` and is currently experimental. The
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API and behavior may change in future releases.
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**Important limitations:**
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- Extensions (most importantly `MaskErrors`) are not fully supported yet.
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Extensions currently only process the initial result and do not handle
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incremental payloads delivered by `@defer` and `@stream`.
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- This means error masking and other extension functionality will only apply to
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the initial response, not to deferred or streamed data.
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</Note>
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## Enabling Defer and Stream
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To use `@defer` and `@stream` directives, you need to enable experimental
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incremental execution in your schema configuration:
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```python
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import strawberry
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from strawberry.schema.config import StrawberryConfig
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@strawberry.type
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class Query:
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# Your query fields here
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pass
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schema = strawberry.Schema(
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query=Query, config=StrawberryConfig(enable_experimental_incremental_execution=True)
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)
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```
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## Using @defer
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The `@defer` directive allows you to mark parts of a query to be resolved
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asynchronously. The initial response will include all non-deferred fields,
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followed by incremental payloads containing the deferred data.
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### Example
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```python
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import asyncio
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import strawberry
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@strawberry.type
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class Author:
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id: strawberry.ID
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name: str
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bio: str
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@strawberry.type
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class Article:
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id: strawberry.ID
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title: str
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content: str
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@strawberry.field
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async def author(self) -> Author:
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# Simulate an expensive operation
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await asyncio.sleep(2)
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return Author(
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id=strawberry.ID("1"),
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name="Jane Doe",
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bio="A passionate writer and developer.",
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)
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@strawberry.type
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class Query:
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@strawberry.field
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async def article(self, id: strawberry.ID) -> Article:
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return Article(
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id=id,
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title="Introduction to GraphQL Defer",
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content="Learn how to use the @defer directive...",
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)
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```
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With this schema, you can query with `@defer`:
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```graphql
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query GetArticle {
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article(id: "123") {
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id
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title
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content
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... on Article @defer {
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author {
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id
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name
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bio
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}
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}
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}
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}
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```
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The response will be delivered incrementally:
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```json
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# Initial payload
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{
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"data": {
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"article": {
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"id": "123",
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"title": "Introduction to GraphQL Defer",
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"content": "Learn how to use the @defer directive..."
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}
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},
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"hasNext": true
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}
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# Subsequent payload
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{
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"incremental": [{
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"data": {
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"author": {
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"id": "1",
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"name": "Jane Doe",
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"bio": "A passionate writer and developer."
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}
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},
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"path": ["article"]
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}],
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"hasNext": false
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}
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```
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## Using @stream with strawberry.Streamable
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The `@stream` directive works with list fields and allows items to be delivered
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as they become available. Strawberry provides a special `Streamable` type
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annotation for fields that can be streamed.
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### Example
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```python
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import asyncio
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import strawberry
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from typing import AsyncGenerator
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@strawberry.type
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class Comment:
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id: strawberry.ID
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content: str
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author_name: str
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@strawberry.type
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class BlogPost:
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id: strawberry.ID
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title: str
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@strawberry.field
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async def comments(self) -> strawberry.Streamable[Comment]:
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"""Stream comments as they are fetched from the database."""
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for i in range(5):
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# Simulate fetching comments from a database
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await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
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yield Comment(
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id=strawberry.ID(f"comment-{i}"),
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content=f"This is comment number {i}",
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author_name=f"User {i}",
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)
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```
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Query with `@stream`:
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```graphql
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query GetBlogPost {
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blogPost(id: "456") {
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id
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title
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comments @stream(initialCount: 2) {
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id
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content
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authorName
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}
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}
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}
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```
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The response will stream the comments:
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```json
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# Initial payload with first 2 comments
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{
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"data": {
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"blogPost": {
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"id": "456",
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"title": "My Blog Post",
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"comments": [
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{
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"id": "comment-0",
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"content": "This is comment number 0",
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"authorName": "User 0"
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},
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{
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"id": "comment-1",
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"content": "This is comment number 1",
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"authorName": "User 1"
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}
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]
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}
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},
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"hasNext": true
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}
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# Subsequent payloads for remaining comments
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{
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"incremental": [{
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"items": [{
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"id": "comment-2",
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"content": "This is comment number 2",
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"authorName": "User 2"
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}],
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"path": ["blogPost", "comments", 2]
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}],
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"hasNext": true
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}
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# ... more incremental payloads
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```

‎docs/types/operation-directives.md

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# Default Operation directives
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Strawberry provides two default operation directives:
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Strawberry provides the following default operation directives:
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- `@skip(if: Boolean!)` - if Boolean is true, the given item is NOT resolved by
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the GraphQL Server
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- `@include(if: Boolean!)` - if Boolean is false, the given item is NOT resolved
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by the GraphQL Server
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## Experimental Directives
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When
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[experimental incremental execution](./schema-configurations#enable_experimental_incremental_execution)
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is enabled, these additional directives become available:
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- `@defer(if: Boolean, label: String)` - Allows fields to be resolved
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asynchronously and delivered incrementally. The field will be omitted from the
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initial response and sent in a subsequent payload.
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- `@stream(if: Boolean, label: String, initialCount: Int)` - Enables streaming
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of list fields. The list will be delivered incrementally, with `initialCount`
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items in the initial response and remaining items in subsequent payloads.
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<Note>
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These experimental directives require `graphql-core>=3.3.0a9` and must be
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enabled via schema configuration. See [Defer and Stream](./defer-and-stream) for
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detailed usage information.
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</Note>
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<Note>
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`@deprecated(reason: String)` IS NOT compatible with Operation directives.

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