-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathmain.typ
More file actions
166 lines (133 loc) · 5.64 KB
/
main.typ
File metadata and controls
166 lines (133 loc) · 5.64 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
#import "template.typ": *
#show: note.with(course: "线性代数")
#set text(lang:"zh")
= 向量空间
线性代数是研究有限维向量空间上的线性映射的学问.我们最终会理解这些术语的具体 含义.在本章中,我们将定义向量空间并讨论它们的基本性质.
在线性代数中,如果将复数与实数放在一起研究,就会得到更好的定理和更深刻的见解. 因此,我们将从介绍复数及其基本性质开始.
我们将把平面和三维空间这些例子推广到 $RR^(n)$ 和 $CC^(n)$ ,再进一步推广得到向量空间的概念. 我们将会明白,向量空间是具有满足自然的代数性质的加法和标量乘法运算的集合.
接着,我们将讨论子空间.子空间之于向量空间,就类似子集之于集合.最后,我们将关注子空间的和(类似于子集的并集)与子空间的直和(类似于不相交集合的并集)
== $RR^(n)$ 和 $CC^(n)$
你应该已经熟悉了实数集合 $RR$ 的基本性质.发明复数,是为了让我们可以取负数的平方 根.我们的想法是,假设 $-1$ 有平方根,将其用 $i$ 表示,并且它遵守通常的算术规则. 正式的定义如下.
#definition(title:[复数(complex number) $CC$])[
- 一个复数是一个有序对 $(a,b)$,其中 $a,b in RR$,不过我们会把这个写成 $a+b i$
- 全体复数集合用 $CC$ 表示:
$
CC=\{ a+b i: a,b in RR \}
$<complex>
- $CC$ 上的加法和乘法定义为 @complex
$
(a+b i)+(c+d i)=(a+c)+(b+d)i \
(a+b i)(c+d i)=(a c-b d )+(a d + b c)i
$
其中 $a,b,c,d in RR$.
]
#lemma(title:[$LL$])[
This is Lemma env.
]
#proposition(title:[$PP$])[
This is Proposition env.
]
#problem(title:$PP r o b l e m$ )[
证明: $sqrt(2) in.not QQ$.
]
#theorem(title:[length of $z$ ])[
Suppose $z in CC$, then we have:
$
z overline(z) = overline(z)z=abs(z)^(2)
$
]
#example(title:[复数的算数运算])[
运用 1 中的性质,可以算出 $(2+3i)(4+5i)$ 的值:
$
(2+3i)(4+5i) & =2 dot (4+5i)+(3i) dot (4+5i) \
& =-7+22i
$
]
== 向量空间的定义
#definition(title:[复数(complex number) $CC$])[
- 一个复数是一个有序对 $(a,b)$,其中 $a,b in RR$,不过我们会把这个写成 $a+b i$
- 全体复数集合用 $CC$ 表示:
$
CC=\{ a+b i: a,b in RR \}
$
]
== 子空间
#definition(title:[子空间(subspace)])[
设 $V$ 是一个向量空间.如果 $W subset.eq V$ 并且 $W$ 本身也是一个向量空间(使用 $V$ 中的加法和标量乘法),那么我们说 $W$ 是 $V$ 的一个 *子空间*.
]
接下来的结果给出了检验向量空间的子集是否为子空间的最简单方法。
#remark(title:[检验子空间的条件])[
当且仅当 $V$ 的子集 $U$ 满足以下三个条件时, $U$ 是 $V$ 的子空间:
- 加法恒等元 \ $0 in U$
- 对于加法封闭 \ $u,w in U => u+w in U$
- 对于标量乘法封闭 \ $c in FF, u in U => c u in U$
]
#pagebreak()
#set text(lang:"en")
= Vector space with measurement
Back in middle school, we know such mapping called 'inner product', who receives 2 vectors and gives out one value. With innner product, we can define the length of a vector, angles of 2 vectors, and so on ... and that's the motivation of this chapter.
== Bilinear function
From the concept of inner product, we could formalize a kind of function $f: V times V -> FF$ , and it's also a linear stuff.
#definition(title:"Bilinear function")[
For $f: V times V -> FF$, if it satisfies linearity for both of the 2 variables, aka.
- $f(k alpha_1+alpha_2, beta)=k f(alpha_1,beta)+f(alpha_2,beta)$
- $f(alpha , k beta_1+beta_2)=k f(alpha,beta_1)+f(alpha+beta_2)$
then we call such $f$ a *bilinear function* on $V$.
]
#theorem(title:"Expansion of bilinear function")[
Let $V = "span" (e_1,e_2, dots.h.c ,e_n )$, and 2 vectors in $V$ are $alpha = (a_1,a_2, dots.h.c ,a_n)' , beta = (b_1,b_2, dots.h.c ,b_n)'$, we have
$
f(alpha,beta)=sum_(i=1)^(n) sum_(j=1)^(n) a_i b_j dot f(e_i,e_j)
$<eq-2>
]
#proof[
Use the linearity to expand $f$ like @eq-2, first $alpha$, then $beta$. Readers can verify themselves.
]
#theorem(title:"Matrix represention of bilinear function")[
Let $V="span"( e_1,e_2, dots.h.c ,e_n ),
alpha = [e_1 space e_2 space dots.h.c space e_n] x,
beta = [e_1 space e_2 space dots.h.c space e_n] y$, consider a matrix
$
A=mat(
f(e_1,e_1), f(e_1,e_2), dots.h.c, f(e_1,e_n);
f(e_2,e_1), f(e_2,e_2), dots.h.c, f(e_2,e_n);
dots.v, dots.v, dots.down, dots.v;
f(e_n,e_1), f(e_n,e_2), dots.h.c, f(e_n,e_n)
)
$
we conclude: $f(alpha, beta)=x' A y$.
]
#proof[
Use definiton of matrix multiplication, readers can verify themselves.
]
We call matrix $A$ a *measure matrix*. You may be confused with this naming, but later we'll explain.
However, for this matrix $A$ we can interpret it from another perspective.
#theorem(title:"Another interpretation of measure matrix")[
Let $V="span"\{ e_1,e_2, dots.h.c ,e_n \}$, its dual space with dual basis $V'="span"\{ f_1,f_2, dots.h.c ,f_n \}$ and $f$ is a bilinear function on $V$. Consider a mapping $phi: V -> V'$, where $phi(beta)=f(x, beta)$, we have
$
phi [e_1 space e_2 space dots.h.c space e_n]=
[f_1 space f_2 space dots.h.c space f_n]A
$
which means $A$ is the matrix of $phi$ under a basis of $V$ and its correspondent dual basis.
]
#proof[
This is proof.
]
#problem(title:"Basis")[
List a basis for the following linear spaces with default addition and scaling operator:
- $RR^(2) $
- $CC$
]
#solution[
- $(1,0)'$, $(0,1)'$
- $1$
]
=== Here are some codes
```cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<111<<endl;
return 0;
}
```