diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/candidates.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/candidates.ts
index f873c1e10a9c..88b1e4e0307f 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/candidates.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/candidates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Scanner } from '@tailwindcss/oxide'
-import type { Candidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
+import { cloneCandidate, type Candidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 
 export async function extractRawCandidates(
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export async function extractRawCandidates(
 
 // Create a basic stripped candidate without variants or important flag
 export function baseCandidate<T extends Candidate>(candidate: T) {
-  let base = structuredClone(candidate)
+  let base = cloneCandidate(candidate)
 
   base.important = false
   base.variants = []
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-arbitrary-variants.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-arbitrary-variants.ts
index fb1e9948e963..9d8b176bd858 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-arbitrary-variants.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-arbitrary-variants.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { cloneCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 import {
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ export function migrateArbitraryVariants(
 
     // The below logic makes use of mutation. Since candidates in the
     // DesignSystem are cached, we can't mutate them directly.
-    let candidate = structuredClone(readonlyCandidate) as Writable<typeof readonlyCandidate>
+    let candidate = cloneCandidate(readonlyCandidate) as Writable<typeof readonlyCandidate>
 
     for (let [variant] of walkVariants(candidate)) {
       if (variant.kind === 'compound') continue
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-automatic-var-injection.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-automatic-var-injection.ts
index 586d8091daf8..13b2c04499b9 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-automatic-var-injection.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-automatic-var-injection.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { walk, WalkAction } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/ast'
-import { type Candidate, type Variant } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
+import { cloneCandidate, type Candidate, type Variant } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
+import type { Writable } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/types'
 import * as ValueParser from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/value-parser'
 
 export function migrateAutomaticVarInjection(
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export function migrateAutomaticVarInjection(
   for (let readonlyCandidate of designSystem.parseCandidate(rawCandidate)) {
     // The below logic makes extended use of mutation. Since candidates in the
     // DesignSystem are cached, we can't mutate them directly.
-    let candidate = structuredClone(readonlyCandidate) as Candidate
+    let candidate = cloneCandidate(readonlyCandidate) as Writable<Candidate>
 
     let didChange = false
 
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-camelcase-in-named-value.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-camelcase-in-named-value.ts
index 2214a8366cef..9cfbc7de081f 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-camelcase-in-named-value.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-camelcase-in-named-value.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { cloneCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 import * as version from '../../utils/version'
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ export function migrateCamelcaseInNamedValue(
 
   for (let candidate of designSystem.parseCandidate(rawCandidate)) {
     if (candidate.kind !== 'functional') continue
-    let clone = structuredClone(candidate)
+    let clone = cloneCandidate(candidate)
     let didChange = false
 
     if (
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-arbitrary-values.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-arbitrary-values.ts
index 89afbb21ea79..2bd7d2fd55c5 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-arbitrary-values.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-arbitrary-values.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { parseCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
+import { cloneCandidate, parseCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 import { segment } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/utils/segment'
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export function migrateLegacyArbitraryValues(
   rawCandidate: string,
 ): string {
   for (let candidate of parseCandidate(rawCandidate, designSystem)) {
-    let clone = structuredClone(candidate)
+    let clone = cloneCandidate(candidate)
     let changed = false
 
     // Convert commas to spaces. E.g.: [auto,1fr] to [auto_1fr]
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-classes.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-classes.ts
index fa425574c882..614b4017b42b 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-classes.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-legacy-classes.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { __unstable__loadDesignSystem } from '@tailwindcss/node'
 import path from 'node:path'
 import url from 'node:url'
-import type { Candidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
+import { cloneCandidate, type Candidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 import { DefaultMap } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/utils/default-map'
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ export async function migrateLegacyClasses(
 
       // Re-apply the variants and important flag from the original candidate.
       // E.g.: `hover:blur!` -> `blur` -> `blur-sm` -> `hover:blur-sm!`
-      let newCandidate = structuredClone(newBaseCandidate) as Candidate
+      let newCandidate = cloneCandidate(newBaseCandidate) as Candidate
       newCandidate.variants = candidate.variants
       newCandidate.important = candidate.important
 
diff --git a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-modernize-arbitrary-values.ts b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-modernize-arbitrary-values.ts
index cafae7aedb3a..91718b323242 100644
--- a/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-modernize-arbitrary-values.ts
+++ b/packages/@tailwindcss-upgrade/src/codemods/template/migrate-modernize-arbitrary-values.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { parseCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
+import { cloneCandidate, parseCandidate } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/candidate'
 import type { Config } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/design-system'
 import { replaceObject } from '../../../../tailwindcss/src/utils/replace-object'
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export function migrateModernizeArbitraryValues(
   rawCandidate: string,
 ): string {
   for (let candidate of parseCandidate(rawCandidate, designSystem)) {
-    let clone = structuredClone(candidate)
+    let clone = cloneCandidate(candidate)
     let changed = false
 
     for (let [variant] of walkVariants(clone)) {
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/apply.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/apply.ts
index 526a5e000900..1c4223e0fbec 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/apply.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/apply.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Features } from '.'
-import { rule, toCss, walk, WalkAction, type AstNode } from './ast'
+import { cloneAstNode, rule, toCss, walk, WalkAction, type AstNode } from './ast'
 import { compileCandidates } from './compile'
 import type { DesignSystem } from './design-system'
 import type { SourceLocation } from './source-maps/source'
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ export function substituteAtApply(ast: AstNode[], designSystem: DesignSystem) {
           let candidate = compiled.nodeSorting.get(node)?.candidate
           let candidateOffset = candidate ? candidateOffsets[candidate] : undefined
 
-          node = structuredClone(node)
+          node = cloneAstNode(node)
 
           if (!src || !candidate || candidateOffset === undefined) {
             // While the original nodes may have come from an `@utility` we still
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.bench.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.bench.ts
index a2d8b28920f2..034faee2797e 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.bench.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.bench.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { bench } from 'vitest'
-import { toCss } from './ast'
+import { bench, describe } from 'vitest'
+import { cloneAstNode, toCss, type AstNode } from './ast'
 import * as CSS from './css-parser'
 
 const css = String.raw
@@ -19,10 +19,46 @@ const input = css`
 `
 const ast = CSS.parse(input)
 
-bench('toCss', () => {
-  toCss(ast)
+describe('AST to CSS', () => {
+  bench('toCss', () => {
+    toCss(ast)
+  })
+
+  bench('toCss with source maps', () => {
+    toCss(ast, true)
+  })
 })
 
-bench('toCss with source maps', () => {
-  toCss(ast, true)
+describe('Cloning AST nodes', () => {
+  bench('cloneAstNode()', () => {
+    ast.map(cloneAstNode)
+  })
+
+  bench('cloneAstNode (with spread)', () => {
+    ast.map(cloneAstNodeSpread)
+  })
+
+  bench('structuredClone()', () => {
+    structuredClone(ast)
+  })
 })
+
+function cloneAstNodeSpread<T extends AstNode>(node: T): T {
+  switch (node.kind) {
+    case 'rule':
+    case 'at-rule':
+    case 'at-root':
+      return { ...node, nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNodeSpread) }
+
+    case 'context':
+      return { ...node, context: { ...node.context }, nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNodeSpread) }
+
+    case 'declaration':
+    case 'comment':
+      return { ...node }
+
+    default:
+      node satisfies never
+      throw new Error(`Unknown node kind: ${(node as any).kind}`)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
index 1ca7b7d6233b..e57e1c2a3133 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/ast.ts
@@ -122,6 +122,68 @@ export function atRoot(nodes: AstNode[]): AtRoot {
   }
 }
 
+export function cloneAstNode<T extends AstNode>(node: T): T {
+  switch (node.kind) {
+    case 'rule':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        selector: node.selector,
+        nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNode),
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies StyleRule as T
+
+    case 'at-rule':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        name: node.name,
+        params: node.params,
+        nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNode),
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies AtRule as T
+
+    case 'at-root':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNode),
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies AtRoot as T
+
+    case 'context':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        context: { ...node.context },
+        nodes: node.nodes.map(cloneAstNode),
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies Context as T
+
+    case 'declaration':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        property: node.property,
+        value: node.value,
+        important: node.important,
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies Declaration as T
+
+    case 'comment':
+      return {
+        kind: node.kind,
+        value: node.value,
+        src: node.src,
+        dst: node.dst,
+      } satisfies Comment as T
+
+    default:
+      node satisfies never
+      throw new Error(`Unknown node kind: ${(node as any).kind}`)
+  }
+}
+
 export const enum WalkAction {
   /** Continue walking, which is the default */
   Continue,
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.bench.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.bench.ts
index 5b7171432e17..7ac0dbb0a001 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.bench.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.bench.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Scanner } from '@tailwindcss/oxide'
-import { bench } from 'vitest'
-import { parseCandidate } from './candidate'
+import { bench, describe } from 'vitest'
+import { cloneCandidate, parseCandidate, type Candidate, type Variant } from './candidate'
 import { buildDesignSystem } from './design-system'
 import { Theme } from './theme'
 
@@ -8,13 +8,87 @@ import { Theme } from './theme'
 const root = process.env.FOLDER || process.cwd()
 
 // Auto content detection
-const scanner = new Scanner({ sources: [{ base: root, pattern: '**/*' }] })
+const scanner = new Scanner({ sources: [{ base: root, pattern: '**/*', negated: false }] })
 
 const candidates = scanner.scan()
 const designSystem = buildDesignSystem(new Theme())
 
-bench('parseCandidate', () => {
-  for (let candidate of candidates) {
-    Array.from(parseCandidate(candidate, designSystem))
-  }
+describe('parsing', () => {
+  bench('parseCandidate', () => {
+    for (let candidate of candidates) {
+      Array.from(parseCandidate(candidate, designSystem))
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Candidate cloning', async () => {
+  let parsedCanddiates = candidates.flatMap((candidate) =>
+    Array.from(parseCandidate(candidate, designSystem)),
+  )
+
+  bench('structuredClone', () => {
+    for (let candidate of parsedCanddiates) {
+      structuredClone(candidate)
+    }
+  })
+
+  bench('cloneCandidate', () => {
+    for (let candidate of parsedCanddiates) {
+      cloneCandidate(candidate)
+    }
+  })
+
+  bench('cloneCandidate (spread)', () => {
+    for (let candidate of parsedCanddiates) {
+      cloneCandidateSpread(candidate)
+    }
+  })
 })
+
+function cloneCandidateSpread(candidate: Candidate): Candidate {
+  switch (candidate.kind) {
+    case 'arbitrary':
+      return {
+        ...candidate,
+        modifier: candidate.modifier ? { ...candidate.modifier } : null,
+        variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariantSpread),
+      }
+
+    case 'static':
+      return { ...candidate, variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariantSpread) }
+
+    case 'functional':
+      return {
+        ...candidate,
+        value: candidate.value ? { ...candidate.value } : null,
+        modifier: candidate.modifier ? { ...candidate.modifier } : null,
+        variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariantSpread),
+      }
+
+    default:
+      candidate satisfies never
+      throw new Error('Unknown candidate kind')
+  }
+}
+
+function cloneVariantSpread(variant: Variant): Variant {
+  switch (variant.kind) {
+    case 'arbitrary':
+    case 'static':
+      return { ...variant }
+
+    case 'functional':
+      return { ...variant, modifier: variant.modifier ? { ...variant.modifier } : null }
+
+    case 'compound':
+      return {
+        ...variant,
+        variant: cloneVariantSpread(variant.variant),
+        modifier: variant.modifier ? { ...variant.modifier } : null,
+      }
+
+    default:
+      variant satisfies never
+      throw new Error('Unknown variant kind')
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
index d169ba758cc9..a9ba2d6e200f 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/candidate.ts
@@ -215,6 +215,102 @@ export type Candidate =
       raw: string
     }
 
+export function cloneCandidate<T extends Candidate>(candidate: T): T {
+  switch (candidate.kind) {
+    case 'arbitrary':
+      return {
+        kind: candidate.kind,
+        property: candidate.property,
+        value: candidate.value,
+        modifier: candidate.modifier
+          ? { kind: candidate.modifier.kind, value: candidate.modifier.value }
+          : null,
+        variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariant),
+        important: candidate.important,
+        raw: candidate.raw,
+      } satisfies Extract<Candidate, { kind: 'arbitrary' }> as T
+
+    case 'static':
+      return {
+        kind: candidate.kind,
+        root: candidate.root,
+        variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariant),
+        important: candidate.important,
+        raw: candidate.raw,
+      } satisfies Extract<Candidate, { kind: 'static' }> as T
+
+    case 'functional':
+      return {
+        kind: candidate.kind,
+        root: candidate.root,
+        value: candidate.value
+          ? candidate.value.kind === 'arbitrary'
+            ? {
+                kind: candidate.value.kind,
+                dataType: candidate.value.dataType,
+                value: candidate.value.value,
+              }
+            : {
+                kind: candidate.value.kind,
+                value: candidate.value.value,
+                fraction: candidate.value.fraction,
+              }
+          : null,
+        modifier: candidate.modifier
+          ? { kind: candidate.modifier.kind, value: candidate.modifier.value }
+          : null,
+        variants: candidate.variants.map(cloneVariant),
+        important: candidate.important,
+        raw: candidate.raw,
+      } satisfies Extract<Candidate, { kind: 'functional' }> as T
+
+    default:
+      candidate satisfies never
+      throw new Error('Unknown candidate kind')
+  }
+}
+
+export function cloneVariant<T extends Variant>(variant: T): T {
+  switch (variant.kind) {
+    case 'arbitrary':
+      return {
+        kind: variant.kind,
+        selector: variant.selector,
+        relative: variant.relative,
+      } satisfies Extract<Variant, { kind: 'arbitrary' }> as T
+
+    case 'static':
+      return { kind: variant.kind, root: variant.root } satisfies Extract<
+        Variant,
+        { kind: 'static' }
+      > as T
+
+    case 'functional':
+      return {
+        kind: variant.kind,
+        root: variant.root,
+        value: variant.value ? { kind: variant.value.kind, value: variant.value.value } : null,
+        modifier: variant.modifier
+          ? { kind: variant.modifier.kind, value: variant.modifier.value }
+          : null,
+      } satisfies Extract<Variant, { kind: 'functional' }> as T
+
+    case 'compound':
+      return {
+        kind: variant.kind,
+        root: variant.root,
+        variant: cloneVariant(variant.variant),
+        modifier: variant.modifier
+          ? { kind: variant.modifier.kind, value: variant.modifier.value }
+          : null,
+      } satisfies Extract<Variant, { kind: 'compound' }> as T
+
+    default:
+      variant satisfies never
+      throw new Error('Unknown variant kind')
+  }
+}
+
 export function* parseCandidate(input: string, designSystem: DesignSystem): Iterable<Candidate> {
   // hover:focus:underline
   // ^^^^^ ^^^^^^           -> Variants
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/canonicalize-candidates.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/canonicalize-candidates.ts
index ba6910552ba4..ec07b9511f14 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/canonicalize-candidates.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/canonicalize-candidates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import * as AttributeSelectorParser from './attribute-selector-parser'
 import {
+  cloneCandidate,
+  cloneVariant,
   printModifier,
   type Candidate,
   type CandidateModifier,
@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ const canonicalizeVariantCache = new DefaultMap((ds: DesignSystem) => {
       for (let current of replacement.splice(0)) {
         // A single variant can result in multiple variants, e.g.:
         // `[&>[data-selected]]:flex` → `*:data-selected:flex`
-        let result = fn(ds, structuredClone(current))
+        let result = fn(ds, cloneVariant(current))
         if (Array.isArray(result)) {
           replacement.push(...result)
           continue
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ const UTILITY_CANONICALIZATIONS = [
 const canonicalizeUtilityCache = new DefaultMap((ds: DesignSystem) => {
   return new DefaultMap((rawCandidate: string): string => {
     for (let readonlyCandidate of ds.parseCandidate(rawCandidate)) {
-      let replacement = structuredClone(readonlyCandidate) as Writable<typeof readonlyCandidate>
+      let replacement = cloneCandidate(readonlyCandidate) as Writable<typeof readonlyCandidate>
 
       for (let fn of UTILITY_CANONICALIZATIONS) {
         replacement = fn(ds, replacement)
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/apply-config-to-theme.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/apply-config-to-theme.ts
index c957d320975e..a430f9faa332 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/apply-config-to-theme.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/apply-config-to-theme.ts
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export function keyPathToCssProperty(path: string[]) {
   // The legacy container component config should not be included in the Theme
   if (path[0] === 'container') return null
 
-  path = structuredClone(path)
+  path = path.slice()
 
   if (path[0] === 'animation') path[0] = 'animate'
   if (path[0] === 'aspectRatio') path[0] = 'aspect'
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container.ts
index 266d101b0409..98f23ce7a1c6 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/container.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { atRule, decl, type AstNode, type AtRule } from '../ast'
+import { atRule, cloneAstNode, decl, type AstNode, type AtRule } from '../ast'
 import type { DesignSystem } from '../design-system'
 import { compareBreakpoints } from '../utils/compare-breakpoints'
 import type { ResolvedConfig } from './config/types'
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export function registerContainerCompat(userConfig: ResolvedConfig, designSystem
     return
   }
 
-  designSystem.utilities.static('container', () => structuredClone(rules))
+  designSystem.utilities.static('container', () => rules.map(cloneAstNode))
 }
 
 export function buildCustomContainerUtilityRules(
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.ts
index f5444cf5686c..4aca5feeccf1 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/compat/plugin-api.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { Features } from '..'
 import { substituteAtApply } from '../apply'
-import { atRule, decl, rule, walk, type AstNode } from '../ast'
+import { atRule, cloneAstNode, decl, rule, walk, type AstNode } from '../ast'
 import type { Candidate, CandidateModifier, NamedUtilityValue } from '../candidate'
 import { substituteFunctions } from '../css-functions'
 import * as CSS from '../css-parser'
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ export function buildPluginApi({
         }
 
         designSystem.utilities.static(className, (candidate) => {
-          let clonedAst = structuredClone(ast)
+          let clonedAst = ast.map(cloneAstNode)
           replaceNestedClassNameReferences(clonedAst, className, candidate.raw)
           featuresRef.current |= substituteAtApply(clonedAst, designSystem)
           return clonedAst
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.ts
index efe7b3dc65ad..0ef9907bb31c 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/utilities.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
   atRoot,
   atRule,
+  cloneAstNode,
   decl,
   rule,
   styleRule,
@@ -6008,7 +6009,7 @@ export function createCssUtility(node: AtRule) {
       })
 
       designSystem.utilities.functional(name.slice(0, -2), (candidate) => {
-        let atRule = structuredClone(node)
+        let atRule = cloneAstNode(node)
 
         let value = candidate.value
         let modifier = candidate.modifier
@@ -6176,7 +6177,7 @@ export function createCssUtility(node: AtRule) {
 
   if (IS_VALID_STATIC_UTILITY_NAME.test(name)) {
     return (designSystem: DesignSystem) => {
-      designSystem.utilities.static(name, () => structuredClone(node.nodes))
+      designSystem.utilities.static(name, () => node.nodes.map(cloneAstNode))
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
index 4e5c46894913..0008e1c77c2e 100644
--- a/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
+++ b/packages/tailwindcss/src/variants.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   WalkAction,
   atRoot,
   atRule,
+  cloneAstNode,
   decl,
   rule,
   styleRule,
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ export class Variants {
     this.static(
       name,
       (r) => {
-        let body = structuredClone(ast)
+        let body = ast.map(cloneAstNode)
         if (usesAtVariant) substituteAtVariant(body, designSystem)
         substituteAtSlot(body, r.nodes)
         r.nodes = body