Rollup merge of rust-lang#128045 - pnkfelix:rustc-contracts, r=oli-obk

#[contracts::requires(...)]  + #[contracts::ensures(...)]

cc rust-lang#128044

Updated contract support: attribute syntax for preconditions and postconditions, implemented via a series of desugarings  that culminates in:
1. a compile-time flag (`-Z contract-checks`) that, similar to `-Z ub-checks`, attempts to ensure that the decision of enabling/disabling contract checks is delayed until the end user program is compiled,
2. invocations of lang-items that handle invoking the precondition,  building a checker for the post-condition, and invoking that post-condition checker at the return sites for the function, and
3. intrinsics for the actual evaluation of pre- and post-condition predicates that third-party verification tools can intercept and reinterpret for their own purposes (e.g. creating shims of behavior that abstract away the function body and replace it solely with the pre- and post-conditions).

Known issues:

 * My original intent, as described in the MCP (rust-lang/compiler-team#759) was   to have a rustc-prefixed attribute namespace (like   rustc_contracts::requires). But I could not get things working when I tried   to do rewriting via a rustc-prefixed builtin attribute-macro. So for now it  is called `contracts::requires`.

 * Our attribute macro machinery does not provide direct support for attribute arguments that are parsed like rust expressions. I spent some time trying to add that (e.g. something that would parse the attribute arguments as an AST while treating the remainder of the items as a token-tree), but its too big a lift for me to undertake. So instead I hacked in something approximating that goal, by semi-trivially desugaring the token-tree attribute contents into internal AST constucts. This may be too fragile for the long-term.
   * (In particular, it *definitely* breaks when you try to add a contract to a function like this: `fn foo1(x: i32) -> S<{ 23 }> { ... }`, because its token-tree based search for where to inject the internal AST constructs cannot immediately see that the `{ 23 }` is within a generics list. I think we can live for this for the short-term, i.e. land the work, and continue working on it while in parallel adding a new attribute variant that takes a token-tree attribute alongside an AST annotation, which would completely resolve the issue here.)

* the *intent* of `-Z contract-checks` is that it behaves like `-Z ub-checks`, in that we do not prematurely commit to including or excluding the contract evaluation in upstream crates (most notably, `core` and `std`). But the current test suite does not actually *check* that this is the case. Ideally the test suite would be extended with a multi-crate test that explores the matrix of enabling/disabling contracts on both the upstream lib and final ("leaf") bin crates.

Author: fmease

core/src/contracts.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! Unstable module containing the unstable contracts lang items and attribute macros.
+#![cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+
+pub use crate::macros::builtin::{contracts_ensures as ensures, contracts_requires as requires};
+
+/// Emitted by rustc as a desugaring of `#[ensures(PRED)] fn foo() -> R { ... [return R;] ... }`
+/// into: `fn foo() { let _check = build_check_ensures(|ret| PRED) ... [return _check(R);] ... }`
+/// (including the implicit return of the tail expression, if any).
+#[unstable(feature = "contracts_internals", issue = "128044" /* compiler-team#759 */)]
+#[lang = "contract_build_check_ensures"]
+#[track_caller]
+pub fn build_check_ensures<Ret, C>(cond: C) -> impl (Fn(Ret) -> Ret) + Copy
+where
+    C: for<'a> Fn(&'a Ret) -> bool + Copy + 'static,
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    move |ret| {
+        crate::intrinsics::contract_check_ensures(&ret, cond);
+        ret
+    }
+}

core/src/intrinsics/mod.rs

@@ -4064,6 +4064,52 @@ pub const unsafe fn const_deallocate(_ptr: *mut u8, _size: usize, _align: usize)
     // Runtime NOP
 }
 
+/// Returns whether we should perform contract-checking at runtime.
+///
+/// This is meant to be similar to the ub_checks intrinsic, in terms
+/// of not prematurely commiting at compile-time to whether contract
+/// checking is turned on, so that we can specify contracts in libstd
+/// and let an end user opt into turning them on.
+#[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "contracts_internals", issue = "128044" /* compiler-team#759 */)]
+#[unstable(feature = "contracts_internals", issue = "128044" /* compiler-team#759 */)]
+#[inline(always)]
+#[rustc_intrinsic]
+pub const fn contract_checks() -> bool {
+    // FIXME: should this be `false` or `cfg!(contract_checks)`?
+
+    // cfg!(contract_checks)
+    false
+}
+
+/// Check if the pre-condition `cond` has been met.
+///
+/// By default, if `contract_checks` is enabled, this will panic with no unwind if the condition
+/// returns false.
+#[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+#[unstable(feature = "contracts_internals", issue = "128044" /* compiler-team#759 */)]
+#[lang = "contract_check_requires"]
+#[rustc_intrinsic]
+pub fn contract_check_requires<C: Fn() -> bool>(cond: C) {
+    if contract_checks() && !cond() {
+        // Emit no unwind panic in case this was a safety requirement.
+        crate::panicking::panic_nounwind("failed requires check");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if the post-condition `cond` has been met.
+///
+/// By default, if `contract_checks` is enabled, this will panic with no unwind if the condition
+/// returns false.
+#[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+#[unstable(feature = "contracts_internals", issue = "128044" /* compiler-team#759 */)]
+#[rustc_intrinsic]
+pub fn contract_check_ensures<'a, Ret, C: Fn(&'a Ret) -> bool>(ret: &'a Ret, cond: C) {
+    if contract_checks() && !cond(ret) {
+        crate::panicking::panic_nounwind("failed ensures check");
+    }
+}
+
 /// The intrinsic will return the size stored in that vtable.
 ///
 /// # Safety

core/src/lib.rs

@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
 #![feature(bigint_helper_methods)]
 #![feature(bstr)]
 #![feature(bstr_internals)]
+#![feature(closure_track_caller)]
 #![feature(const_carrying_mul_add)]
 #![feature(const_eval_select)]
 #![feature(core_intrinsics)]
@@ -247,6 +248,10 @@ pub mod autodiff {
     pub use crate::macros::builtin::autodiff;
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+#[unstable(feature = "contracts", issue = "128044")]
+pub mod contracts;
+
 #[unstable(feature = "cfg_match", issue = "115585")]
 pub use crate::macros::cfg_match;
 

core/src/macros/mod.rs

@@ -1777,6 +1777,32 @@ pub(crate) mod builtin {
         /* compiler built-in */
     }
 
+    /// Attribute macro applied to a function to give it a post-condition.
+    ///
+    /// The attribute carries an argument token-tree which is
+    /// eventually parsed as a unary closure expression that is
+    /// invoked on a reference to the return value.
+    #[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+    #[unstable(feature = "contracts", issue = "128044")]
+    #[allow_internal_unstable(contracts_internals)]
+    #[rustc_builtin_macro]
+    pub macro contracts_ensures($item:item) {
+        /* compiler built-in */
+    }
+
+    /// Attribute macro applied to a function to give it a precondition.
+    ///
+    /// The attribute carries an argument token-tree which is
+    /// eventually parsed as an boolean expression with access to the
+    /// function's formal parameters
+    #[cfg(not(bootstrap))]
+    #[unstable(feature = "contracts", issue = "128044")]
+    #[allow_internal_unstable(contracts_internals)]
+    #[rustc_builtin_macro]
+    pub macro contracts_requires($item:item) {
+        /* compiler built-in */
+    }
+
     /// Attribute macro applied to a function to register it as a handler for allocation failure.
     ///
     /// See also [`std::alloc::handle_alloc_error`](../../../std/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html).