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courses/basics-of-neuroscience/module-4/index.rst

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@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ Membrane resistance refers to resistance to the flow of ions across the neuronal
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.. note:: A high membrane resistance helps maintain the membrane's resting potential by minimizing the flow of ions across it.
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.. figure:: ../media/membrane-resistance.*
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2. Axial Resistance (Ri)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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- Cytoplasmic Conductivity: The concentration of ions and other conductive materials in the cytoplasm affects axial resistance. A higher concentration of conductive ions leads to low axial resistance.
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- Diameter of the Neuron: Larger diameter axons have lower axial resistance because a greater cross-sectional area allows for easier ion flow. This is why larger axons can conduct signals more rapidly.
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.. figure:: ../media/axial-resistence.*
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.. todo:: Add Axial Resistance (Ri) graphic here
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.. note:: Axial resistance affects how far a signal can travel along an axon without significant potential loss. Lower axial resistance allows signals to travel farther and faster.
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.. todo:: ADD CONDUCTANCE FORMULA
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4.1.2 Capacitance:
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==================
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courses/basics-of-neuroscience/module-5/index.rst

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allow neurons to transmit signals rapidly and effectively throughout the nervous system. The action potential arises from the activity of two primary voltage-gated ion
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channels: voltage-gated Na⁺ channels and K⁺ channels. These channels open and close at specific moments, generating ion flow, which leads to an action potential.
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.. figure:: ../media/voltage-gated-on-Ion-channels.*
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.. todo:: Add voltage-gated channel diagram here .
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.. note:: Voltage gated ion channels open when the neuron’s membrane potential reaches a certain value called threshold value. [1]_
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***********************************
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.. todo:: Add phases of action potential diagram here.
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.. figure:: ../media/phases-of-the-action-potential.*
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The action potential consists of several distinct phases, each characterized by specific changes in membrane potential and ion movement :
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action potentials propagate in one direction (without reversing course) and that the cell has enough time to
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reset its membrane potential to its resting state.
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.. figure:: ../media/refractory-period.*
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Types of Refractory Periods
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----------------------------
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**Nodes of Ranvier:** Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath) through a process known as saltatory conduction. This significantly speeds up the transmission of impulses compared to continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons.
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.. figure:: ../media/myelination.*
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Diameter of Axon : [1]_
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

hardware/bioamp/bioamp-exg-pill/index.rst

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**Hardware setup**
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To set up the hardware for 2-channel EEG recording using two BioAmp EXG Pill modules and an Arduino Uno R4 Minima, begun by connecting the Arduino's 5V and GND pins to the power rails of a breadboard, then supply VCC and GND from the breadboard to both BioAmp EXG Pills. Connect the OUT pin of the first EXG pill to Arduino's analog pin A0 (channel 1) and the second EXG Pill's OUT to anolog pin A1 (channel 2). For electrodes placement, connect the IN+ of each module (red wires) to different EEG recording sites on the forehead (eg. Fp1 and Fp2), and connect IN= (black wires) and both REF pins (yellow wires) from the EXG Pills to a common reference electrode placed on a neutral location like the mastoid or earlobe to ensure clean and synchonized signal acquisition.
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To set up the hardware for 2-channel EEG recording using two BioAmp EXG Pill modules and an Arduino Uno R4 Minima, begun by connecting the Arduino's 5V and GND pins to the power rails of a breadboard, then supply VCC and GND from the breadboard to both BioAmp EXG Pills. Connect the OUT pin of the first EXG pill to Arduino's analog pin A0 (channel 1) and the second EXG Pill's OUT to anolog pin A1 (channel 2). For electrodes placement, connect the IN+ of each module (red wires) to different EEG recording sites on the forehead (eg. Fp1 and Fp2), and connect IN- (black wires) and both REF pins (yellow wires) from the EXG Pills to a common reference electrode placed on a neutral location like the mastoid or earlobe to ensure clean and synchonized signal acquisition.
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.. figure:: media/channel-2-eeg-connection.*
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:align: center

hardware/bioamp/neuro-play-ground-lite/index.rst

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.. _neuro-play-ground-lite:
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3-
Neuro Play Ground (NPG) Lite
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Neuro PlayGround (NPG) Lite
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############################
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**An expandable 3-channel wireless BioAmp for HCI & BCI**

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