Merge pull request opencv#26490 from vrabaud:4x_calibration_base

Switch calibration.cpp to C++ opencv#26490

The CvLevMarq code has to be kept in order to keep the same accuracy (the C++ solver is not as good).

There are two ways to review this PR: by comparing to the old code, or by checking what is different from the 5.x version (which is the first commit).

### Pull Request Readiness Checklist

See details at https://github.com/opencv/opencv/wiki/How_to_contribute#making-a-good-pull-request

- [x] I agree to contribute to the project under Apache 2 License.
- [x] To the best of my knowledge, the proposed patch is not based on a code under GPL or another license that is incompatible with OpenCV
- [x] The PR is proposed to the proper branch
- [x] There is a reference to the original bug report and related work
- [x] There is accuracy test, performance test and test data in opencv_extra repository, if applicable
      Patch to opencv_extra has the same branch name.
- [x] The feature is well documented and sample code can be built with the project CMake

Author: vrabaud