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A <dfndata-lt="bindings">binding</dfn> is a pair (<ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#defn_QueryVariable">variable</a>, <a>RDF term</a>), consistent with the term's use in <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">SPARQL</a>.
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A <dfndata-lt="bindings">binding</dfn> is a pair (<adata-cite="sparql12-query/#defn_QueryVariable">variable</a>, <a>RDF term</a>), consistent with the term's use in [[!sparql12-query]]</a>.
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A <dfndata-lt="solutions">solution</dfn> is a set of bindings, informally often understood as one row in the body of the result table of a SPARQL query.
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Variables are not required to be bound in a solution.
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</div>
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ <h3>Relationship between SHACL and RDFS inferencing</h3>
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<sectionid="shacl-sparql" class="informative">
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<h3>Relationship between SHACL and SPARQL</h3>
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<p>
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This specification uses parts of SPARQL 1.1 in non-normative alternative definitions of the semantics of <a>constraint components</a> and <a>targets</a>.
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This specification uses parts of SPARQL 1.2 in non-normative alternative definitions of the semantics of <a>constraint components</a> and <a>targets</a>.
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While these may help some implementers, SPARQL is not required for the implementation of the SHACL Core language.
The following sub-sections provide syntax rules of <a>well-formed</a><a>SHACL property paths</a>
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together with mapping rules to <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#pp-language">SPARQL 1.1 property paths</a>.
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together with mapping rules to <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql12-query/#pp-language">SPARQL 1.2 property paths</a>.
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These rules define the <dfn>path mapping</dfn><code>path(p,G)</code> in an RDF graph <code>G</code> of an RDF term <code>p</code> that is a SHACL property path in <code>G</code>.
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Two SHACL property paths are considered <dfndata-lt="equivalent path">equivalent paths</dfn> when they map to the exact same SPARQL property paths.
<spandata-syntax-rule="path-non-recursive">A node <code>p</code> is not a <a>well-formed</a> SHACL property path if <code>p</code> is a blank node and any path mappings of <code>p</code> directly or transitively reference <code>p</code>.</span>
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</p>
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<p>
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The following example illustrates some valid SHACL property paths, together with their SPARQL 1.1 equivalents.
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The following example illustrates some valid SHACL property paths, together with their SPARQL 1.2 equivalents.
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</p>
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<asideclass="example">
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<pre>SPARQL Property path: ex:parent
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</p>
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<p><em>The remainder of this section is informative.</em></p>
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<p>
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Shapes graphs can be reusable validation modules that can be cross-referenced with the predicate <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/#Imports"><code>owl:imports</code></a>.
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Shapes graphs can be reusable validation modules that can be cross-referenced with the predicate <adata-cite="owl2-syntax/#Imports"><code>owl:imports</code></a>.
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As a pre-validation step, SHACL processors SHOULD extend the originally provided <a>shapes graph</a> by transitively following and importing all referenced <a>shapes graphs</a>
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through the <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/#Imports"><code>owl:imports</code></a> predicate.
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through the <adata-cite="owl2-syntax/#Imports"><code>owl:imports</code></a> predicate.
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The resulting graph forms the input <a>shapes graph</a> for validation and MUST NOT be further modified during the validation process.
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</p>
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<p>
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For example, it can be an in-memory graph or a named graph from an RDF dataset or a SPARQL endpoint.
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</p>
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<p>
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SHACL can be used with RDF graphs that are obtained by any means, e.g. from the file system, HTTP requests, or <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-dataset">RDF datasets</a>.
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SHACL can be used with RDF graphs that are obtained by any means, e.g. from the file system, HTTP requests, or <adata-cite="rdf12-concepts/#section-dataset">RDF datasets</a>.
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SHACL makes no assumptions about whether a graph contains triples that are entailed from the graph under any RDF entailment regime.
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</p>
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<p>
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For each <a>value node</a>
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that is not a <a>literal</a>, or is a <a>literal</a> with a datatype that does not match <code>$datatype</code>,
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there is a <a>validation result</a> with the <a>value node</a> as <code>sh:value</code>.
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The datatype of a literal is determined following the <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-datatype">datatype</a> function of SPARQL 1.1.
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The datatype of a literal is determined following the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-datatype">datatype</a> function of SPARQL 1.2.
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A <a>literal</a> matches a datatype if the <a>literal</a>'s datatype has the same <a>IRI</a>
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and, for the datatypes supported by SPARQL 1.1, is not an <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts#section-Graph-Literal">ill-typed</a> literal.
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and, for the datatypes supported by SPARQL 1.2, is not an <adata-cite="rdf12-concepts#section-Graph-Literal">ill-typed</a> literal.
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><em>The remainder of this section is informative.</em></p>
where the length (as defined by the <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-strlen">SPARQL STRLEN function</a>)
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of the string representation of <code>v</code> (as defined by the <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-str">SPARQL str function</a>)
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where the length (as defined by the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-strlen">SPARQL STRLEN function</a>)
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of the string representation of <code>v</code> (as defined by the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-str">SPARQL str function</a>)
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is greater than <code>$maxLength</code>, or where <code>v</code> is a <a>blank node</a>,
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there is a <a>validation result</a> with <code>v</code> as <code>sh:value</code>.
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</div>
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<td>
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A regular expression that all value nodes need to match.
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<spandata-syntax-rule="pattern-datatype">The values of <code>sh:pattern</code> in a shape are literals with datatype <code>xsd:string</code>.</span>
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<spandata-syntax-rule="pattern-regex">The values of <code>sh:pattern</code> in a shape are valid pattern arguments for the <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-regex">SPARQL REGEX function</a>.</span>
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<spandata-syntax-rule="pattern-regex">The values of <code>sh:pattern</code> in a shape are valid pattern arguments for the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-regex">SPARQL REGEX function</a>.</span>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>sh:flags</code></td>
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<td>
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An optional string of flags, interpreted as in <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-regex">SPARQL 1.1 REGEX</a>.
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An optional string of flags, interpreted as in <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-regex">SPARQL 1.2 REGEX</a>.
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<spandata-syntax-rule="flags-datatype">The values of <code>sh:flags</code> in a shape are literals with datatype <code>xsd:string</code>.</span>
where the string representation (as defined by the <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-str">SPARQL str function</a>)
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does not match the regular expression <code>$pattern</code> (as defined by the <ahref="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-regex">SPARQL REGEX function</a>),
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where the string representation (as defined by the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-str">SPARQL str function</a>)
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does not match the regular expression <code>$pattern</code> (as defined by the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-regex">SPARQL REGEX function</a>),
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there is a <a>validation result</a> with the <a>value node</a> as <code>sh:value</code>.
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If <code>$flags</code> has a value then the matching MUST follow the definition of the 3-argument variant of the SPARQL REGEX function, using <code>$flags</code> as third argument.
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</div>
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For each <a>value node</a>
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that is either not a <a>literal</a> or that does not have a language tag
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matching any of the basic language ranges that are the <a>members</a> of <code>$languageIn</code>
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following the filtering schema defined by the <ahref="https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#func-langMatches">SPARQL langMatches</a> function,
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following the filtering schema defined by the <adata-cite="sparql12-query/#func-langMatches">SPARQL langMatches</a> function,
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there is a <a>validation result</a> with the <a>value node</a> as <code>sh:value</code>.
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