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<p>The Flatten(S) function takes a sequence S of lists,
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i.e., S = [L<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>, ..., L<sub>m</sub>]
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where every L<sub>i</sub> is a list,
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and returns the list ( x | L in S and x in L ).</p>
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</div>
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<p>Card is a function that returns the cardinality of a sequence or a list of elements (which may be solution mappings or other types of elements, depending on the context).
<p>Given a sequence or a list |L|, Card(|L|) is the cardinality of |L|.</p>
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</div>
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<section id="setFunctions">
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<h5>Set Functions</h5>
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<p>The set functions which underlie SPARQL aggregates all have a common signature:
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this requires the parser to know whether some IRI refers to a function, cast, or
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aggregate before it can determine if there are any errors in a query where aggregates
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are used.</p>
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<p>The definitions of the set functions in the following sections are based on two functions, <a href="#defn_Flatten">Flatten</a> and <a href="#defn_Card">Card</a>, which are defined as follows.</p>
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<p><a href="#defn_Flatten">Flatten</a> is a function which is
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used to collapse a sequence of lists into a single list.
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For example, [(1, 2), (3, 4)] becomes (1, 2, 3, 4).</p>
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