diff --git a/e2e/cases/shims/esm/rslib.config.ts b/e2e/cases/shims/esm/rslib.config.ts
index 81545d6da..66ffc4b14 100644
--- a/e2e/cases/shims/esm/rslib.config.ts
+++ b/e2e/cases/shims/esm/rslib.config.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,23 @@ import { generateBundleEsmConfig } from '@e2e/helper';
 import { defineConfig } from '@rslib/core';
 
 export default defineConfig({
-  lib: [generateBundleEsmConfig()],
+  lib: [
+    generateBundleEsmConfig({
+      output: {
+        distPath: {
+          root: './dist/normal',
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+    generateBundleEsmConfig({
+      syntax: 'esnext',
+      output: {
+        distPath: {
+          root: './dist/with-syntax',
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+  ],
   output: {
     target: 'node',
   },
diff --git a/e2e/cases/shims/index.test.ts b/e2e/cases/shims/index.test.ts
index 3f290a2ab..549851862 100644
--- a/e2e/cases/shims/index.test.ts
+++ b/e2e/cases/shims/index.test.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
 test('shims for __dirname and __filename in ESM', async () => {
   const fixturePath = join(__dirname, 'esm');
   const { entries } = await buildAndGetResults(fixturePath);
+
   for (const shim of [
     'import { fileURLToPath as __webpack_fileURLToPath__ } from "url";',
     'var src_dirname = __webpack_dirname__(__webpack_fileURLToPath__(import.meta.url));',
@@ -12,8 +13,9 @@ test('shims for __dirname and __filename in ESM', async () => {
     // import.meta.url should not be substituted
     'const importMetaUrl = import.meta.url;',
   ]) {
-    expect(entries.esm).toContain(shim);
+    expect(entries.esm0).toContain(shim);
   }
+  expect(entries.esm0).toBe(entries.esm1);
 });
 
 describe('shims for `import.meta.url` in CJS', () => {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 226e1a7a1..93be8f6a0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
     "test:e2e": "cd e2e && pnpm run test",
     "test:unit": "vitest run --project unit*",
     "test:unit:watch": "vitest --project unit*",
+    "testu": "pnpm run test:unit -u && pnpm run test:artifact -u",
     "update:rsbuild": "npx taze minor --include /rsbuild/ -w -r -l",
     "watch": "pnpm build --watch"
   },
diff --git a/packages/core/src/config.ts b/packages/core/src/config.ts
index 29b65f2ed..60e245054 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/config.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/config.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import { logger } from './utils/logger';
 import {
   ESX_TO_BROWSERSLIST,
   transformSyntaxToBrowserslist,
+  transformSyntaxToRspackTarget,
 } from './utils/syntax';
 import { loadTsconfig } from './utils/tsconfig';
 
@@ -578,19 +579,15 @@ const composeSyntaxConfig = (
   target?: RsbuildConfigOutputTarget,
 ): RsbuildConfig => {
   // Defaults to ESNext, Rslib will assume all of the latest JavaScript and CSS features are supported.
-
   if (syntax) {
-    const resolvedBrowserslist = transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(syntax, target);
     return {
       tools: {
         rspack: (config) => {
-          config.target = resolvedBrowserslist.map(
-            (item) => `browserslist:${item}` as const,
-          );
+          config.target = transformSyntaxToRspackTarget(syntax);
         },
       },
       output: {
-        overrideBrowserslist: resolvedBrowserslist,
+        overrideBrowserslist: transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(syntax, target),
       },
     };
   }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/syntax.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/syntax.ts
index 92b0ffacf..2ac88272e 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/syntax.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/syntax.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { RsbuildConfig } from '@rsbuild/core';
+import type { RsbuildConfig, Rspack } from '@rsbuild/core';
 import type {
   EcmaScriptVersion,
   FixedEcmaVersions,
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ const calcEsnextBrowserslistByTarget = (target: RsbuildConfigOutputTarget) => {
   return LATEST_TARGET_VERSIONS.web;
 };
 
+const RSPACK_TARGET_UNLISTED_MODERN_ECMA_VERSIONS: EcmaScriptVersion[] = [
+  'es2023',
+  'es2024',
+  'esnext',
+] satisfies EcmaScriptVersion[];
+
 /**
  * The esX to browserslist mapping is transformed from esbuild:
  * https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/blob/main/internal/compat/js_table.go
@@ -158,6 +164,40 @@ export const ESX_TO_BROWSERSLIST: Record<
     },
   } as const;
 
+export function transformSyntaxToRspackTarget(
+  syntax: Syntax,
+): Rspack.Configuration['target'] {
+  const handleSyntaxItem = (syntaxItem: EcmaScriptVersion | string): string => {
+    const normalizedSyntaxItem = syntaxItem.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (normalizedSyntaxItem.startsWith('es')) {
+      if (normalizedSyntaxItem in ESX_TO_BROWSERSLIST) {
+        // The latest EcmaScript version supported by Rspack's `target` is es2022.
+        // Higher versions are treated as es2022.
+        if (
+          RSPACK_TARGET_UNLISTED_MODERN_ECMA_VERSIONS.includes(
+            normalizedSyntaxItem as EcmaScriptVersion,
+          )
+        ) {
+          return 'es2022';
+        }
+
+        return normalizedSyntaxItem;
+      }
+
+      throw new Error(`Unsupported ES version: ${syntaxItem}`);
+    }
+
+    return `browserslist:${syntaxItem}`;
+  };
+
+  if (Array.isArray(syntax)) {
+    return syntax.map(handleSyntaxItem) as Rspack.Configuration['target'];
+  }
+
+  return [handleSyntaxItem(syntax)] as Rspack.Configuration['target'];
+}
+
 export function transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(
   syntax: Syntax,
   target?: NonNullable<RsbuildConfig['output']>['target'],
@@ -166,6 +206,7 @@ export function transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(
     syntaxItem: EcmaScriptVersion | string,
   ): string[] => {
     const normalizedSyntaxItem = syntaxItem.toLowerCase();
+
     if (normalizedSyntaxItem.startsWith('es')) {
       if (normalizedSyntaxItem in ESX_TO_BROWSERSLIST) {
         const browserslistItem =
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/syntax.test.ts b/packages/core/tests/syntax.test.ts
index 7aec58d53..500359308 100644
--- a/packages/core/tests/syntax.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core/tests/syntax.test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 import { describe, expect, test } from 'vitest';
-import { transformSyntaxToBrowserslist } from '../src/utils/syntax';
+import {
+  transformSyntaxToBrowserslist,
+  transformSyntaxToRspackTarget,
+} from '../src/utils/syntax';
 
-describe('Correctly resolve syntax', () => {
-  test('esX', async () => {
+describe('transformSyntaxToBrowserslist', () => {
+  test('esX', () => {
     expect(transformSyntaxToBrowserslist('es6')).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
       [
         "Chrome >= 63.0.0",
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ describe('Correctly resolve syntax', () => {
     );
   });
 
-  test('browserslist', async () => {
+  test('browserslist', () => {
     expect(
       transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(['fully supports es6-module']),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ describe('Correctly resolve syntax', () => {
     `);
   });
 
-  test('combined', async () => {
+  test('combined', () => {
     expect(
       transformSyntaxToBrowserslist(['Chrome 123', 'es5']),
     ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
@@ -97,3 +100,41 @@ describe('Correctly resolve syntax', () => {
     );
   });
 });
+
+describe('transformSyntaxToRspackTarget', () => {
+  test('esX', () => {
+    const es2023 = transformSyntaxToRspackTarget('es2023');
+    const es2024 = transformSyntaxToRspackTarget('es2024');
+    const esnext = transformSyntaxToRspackTarget('esnext');
+
+    expect(es2023).toEqual(es2024);
+    expect(es2023).toEqual(esnext);
+
+    expect(es2023).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      [
+        "es2022",
+      ]
+    `,
+    );
+
+    expect(transformSyntaxToRspackTarget('es2015')).toMatchInlineSnapshot(
+      `
+      [
+        "es2015",
+      ]
+    `,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test('combined', () => {
+    expect(
+      transformSyntaxToRspackTarget(['Chrome 123', 'es2023']),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [
+        "browserslist:Chrome 123",
+        "es2022",
+      ]
+    `);
+  });
+});