diff --git a/docs/class-reference.md b/docs/class-reference.md
index 5b79dba4e..3031b0ade 100644
--- a/docs/class-reference.md
+++ b/docs/class-reference.md
@@ -1260,6 +1260,8 @@ $printed = GraphQL\Language\Printer::doPrint($ast);
  *
  * Handles both executable definitions and schema definitions.
  *
+ * @throws \JsonException
+ *
  * @api
  */
 static function doPrint(GraphQL\Language\AST\Node $ast): string
diff --git a/src/Language/Printer.php b/src/Language/Printer.php
index c763c58ca..8746c063c 100644
--- a/src/Language/Printer.php
+++ b/src/Language/Printer.php
@@ -69,30 +69,17 @@ class Printer
      *
      * Handles both executable definitions and schema definitions.
      *
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     *
      * @api
      */
     public static function doPrint(Node $ast): string
     {
-        static $instance;
-        $instance ??= new static();
-
-        return $instance->printAST($ast);
-    }
-
-    protected function __construct() {}
-
-    /**
-     * Recursively traverse an AST depth-first and produce a pretty string.
-     *
-     * @throws \JsonException
-     */
-    public function printAST(Node $node): string
-    {
-        return $this->p($node);
+        return static::p($ast);
     }
 
     /** @throws \JsonException */
-    protected function p(?Node $node): string
+    protected static function p(?Node $node): string
     {
         if ($node === null) {
             return '';
@@ -101,7 +88,7 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
         switch (true) {
             case $node instanceof ArgumentNode:
             case $node instanceof ObjectFieldNode:
-                return $this->p($node->name) . ': ' . $this->p($node->value);
+                return static::p($node->name) . ': ' . static::p($node->value);
 
             case $node instanceof BooleanValueNode:
                 return $node->value
@@ -111,7 +98,7 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
             case $node instanceof DirectiveDefinitionNode:
                 $argStrings = [];
                 foreach ($node->arguments as $arg) {
-                    $argStrings[] = $this->p($arg);
+                    $argStrings[] = static::p($arg);
                 }
 
                 $noIndent = true;
@@ -122,48 +109,48 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
                     }
                 }
 
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, 'directive @'
-                    . $this->p($node->name)
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, 'directive @'
+                    . static::p($node->name)
                     . ($noIndent
-                        ? $this->wrap('(', $this->join($argStrings, ', '), ')')
-                        : $this->wrap("(\n", $this->indent($this->join($argStrings, "\n")), "\n"))
+                        ? static::wrap('(', static::join($argStrings, ', '), ')')
+                        : static::wrap("(\n", static::indent(static::join($argStrings, "\n")), "\n"))
                     . ($node->repeatable
                         ? ' repeatable'
                         : '')
-                    . ' on ' . $this->printList($node->locations, ' | '));
+                    . ' on ' . static::printList($node->locations, ' | '));
 
             case $node instanceof DirectiveNode:
-                return '@' . $this->p($node->name) . $this->wrap('(', $this->printList($node->arguments, ', '), ')');
+                return '@' . static::p($node->name) . static::wrap('(', static::printList($node->arguments, ', '), ')');
 
             case $node instanceof DocumentNode:
-                return $this->printList($node->definitions, "\n\n") . "\n";
+                return static::printList($node->definitions, "\n\n") . "\n";
 
             case $node instanceof EnumTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
                         'enum',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->values),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->values),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof EnumTypeExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend enum',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->values),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->values),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof EnumValueDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription(
+                return static::addDescription(
                     $node->description,
-                    $this->join([$this->p($node->name), $this->printList($node->directives, ' ')], ' ')
+                    static::join([static::p($node->name), static::printList($node->directives, ' ')], ' ')
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof EnumValueNode:
@@ -175,7 +162,7 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
             case $node instanceof FieldDefinitionNode:
                 $argStrings = [];
                 foreach ($node->arguments as $item) {
-                    $argStrings[] = $this->p($item);
+                    $argStrings[] = static::p($item);
                 }
 
                 $noIndent = true;
@@ -186,228 +173,230 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
                     }
                 }
 
-                return $this->addDescription(
+                return static::addDescription(
                     $node->description,
-                    $this->p($node->name)
+                    static::p($node->name)
                     . ($noIndent
-                        ? $this->wrap('(', $this->join($argStrings, ', '), ')')
-                        : $this->wrap("(\n", $this->indent($this->join($argStrings, "\n")), "\n)"))
-                    . ': ' . $this->p($node->type)
-                    . $this->wrap(' ', $this->printList($node->directives, ' '))
+                        ? static::wrap('(', static::join($argStrings, ', '), ')')
+                        : static::wrap("(\n", static::indent(static::join($argStrings, "\n")), "\n)"))
+                    . ': ' . static::p($node->type)
+                    . static::wrap(' ', static::printList($node->directives, ' '))
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof FieldNode:
-                $prefix = $this->wrap('', $node->alias->value ?? null, ': ') . $this->p($node->name);
+                $prefix = static::wrap('', $node->alias->value ?? null, ': ') . static::p($node->name);
 
-                $argsLine = $prefix . $this->wrap(
+                $argsLine = $prefix . static::wrap(
                     '(',
-                    $this->printList($node->arguments, ', '),
+                    static::printList($node->arguments, ', '),
                     ')'
                 );
                 if (strlen($argsLine) > 80) {
-                    $argsLine = $prefix . $this->wrap(
+                    $argsLine = $prefix . static::wrap(
                         "(\n",
-                        $this->indent(
-                            $this->printList($node->arguments, "\n")
+                        static::indent(
+                            static::printList($node->arguments, "\n")
                         ),
                         "\n)"
                     );
                 }
 
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         $argsLine,
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->p($node->selectionSet),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->selectionSet),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof FragmentDefinitionNode:
                 // Note: fragment variable definitions are experimental and may be changed or removed in the future.
-                return 'fragment ' . $this->p($node->name)
-                    . $this->wrap(
+                return 'fragment ' . static::p($node->name)
+                    . static::wrap(
                         '(',
-                        $this->printList($node->variableDefinitions ?? new NodeList([]), ', '),
+                        static::printList($node->variableDefinitions ?? new NodeList([]), ', '),
                         ')'
                     )
-                    . ' on ' . $this->p($node->typeCondition->name) . ' '
-                    . $this->wrap(
+                    . ' on ' . static::p($node->typeCondition->name) . ' '
+                    . static::wrap(
                         '',
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                         ' '
                     )
-                    . $this->p($node->selectionSet);
+                    . static::p($node->selectionSet);
 
             case $node instanceof FragmentSpreadNode:
                 return '...'
-                    . $this->p($node->name)
-                    . $this->wrap(' ', $this->printList($node->directives, ' '));
+                    . static::p($node->name)
+                    . static::wrap(' ', static::printList($node->directives, ' '));
 
             case $node instanceof InlineFragmentNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         '...',
-                        $this->wrap('on ', $this->p($node->typeCondition->name ?? null)),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->p($node->selectionSet),
+                        static::wrap('on ', static::p($node->typeCondition->name ?? null)),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->selectionSet),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof InputObjectTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
                         'input',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof InputObjectTypeExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend input',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof InputValueDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
-                        $this->p($node->name) . ': ' . $this->p($node->type),
-                        $this->wrap('= ', $this->p($node->defaultValue)),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->name) . ': ' . static::p($node->type),
+                        static::wrap('= ', static::p($node->defaultValue)),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof InterfaceTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
                         'interface',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->wrap('implements ', $this->printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::wrap('implements ', static::printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof InterfaceTypeExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend interface',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->wrap('implements ', $this->printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::wrap('implements ', static::printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof ListTypeNode:
-                return '[' . $this->p($node->type) . ']';
+                return '[' . static::p($node->type) . ']';
 
             case $node instanceof ListValueNode:
-                return '[' . $this->printList($node->values, ', ') . ']';
+                return '[' . static::printList($node->values, ', ') . ']';
 
             case $node instanceof NamedTypeNode:
-                return $this->p($node->name);
+                return static::p($node->name);
 
             case $node instanceof NonNullTypeNode:
-                return $this->p($node->type) . '!';
+                return static::p($node->type) . '!';
 
             case $node instanceof NullValueNode:
                 return 'null';
 
             case $node instanceof ObjectTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
                         'type',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->wrap('implements ', $this->printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::wrap('implements ', static::printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof ObjectTypeExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend type',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->wrap('implements ', $this->printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->fields),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::wrap('implements ', static::printList($node->interfaces, ' & ')),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->fields),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof ObjectValueNode:
-                return "{ {$this->printList($node->fields, ', ')} }";
+                return '{ '
+                    . static::printList($node->fields, ', ')
+                    . ' }';
 
             case $node instanceof OperationDefinitionNode:
                 $op = $node->operation;
-                $name = $this->p($node->name);
-                $varDefs = $this->wrap('(', $this->printList($node->variableDefinitions, ', '), ')');
-                $directives = $this->printList($node->directives, ' ');
-                $selectionSet = $this->p($node->selectionSet);
+                $name = static::p($node->name);
+                $varDefs = static::wrap('(', static::printList($node->variableDefinitions, ', '), ')');
+                $directives = static::printList($node->directives, ' ');
+                $selectionSet = static::p($node->selectionSet);
 
                 // Anonymous queries with no directives or variable definitions can use
                 // the query short form.
                 return $name === '' && $directives === '' && $varDefs === '' && $op === 'query'
                     ? $selectionSet
-                    : $this->join([$op, $this->join([$name, $varDefs]), $directives, $selectionSet], ' ');
+                    : static::join([$op, static::join([$name, $varDefs]), $directives, $selectionSet], ' ');
 
             case $node instanceof OperationTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $node->operation . ': ' . $this->p($node->type);
+                return $node->operation . ': ' . static::p($node->type);
 
             case $node instanceof ScalarTypeDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join([
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join([
                     'scalar',
-                    $this->p($node->name),
-                    $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                    static::p($node->name),
+                    static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                 ], ' '));
 
             case $node instanceof ScalarTypeExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend scalar',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof SchemaDefinitionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'schema',
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->operationTypes),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->operationTypes),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof SchemaExtensionNode:
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend schema',
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
-                        $this->printListBlock($node->operationTypes),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::printListBlock($node->operationTypes),
                     ],
                     ' '
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof SelectionSetNode:
-                return $this->printListBlock($node->selections);
+                return static::printListBlock($node->selections);
 
             case $node instanceof StringValueNode:
                 if ($node->block) {
@@ -417,13 +406,13 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
                 return json_encode($node->value, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES);
 
             case $node instanceof UnionTypeDefinitionNode:
-                $typesStr = $this->printList($node->types, ' | ');
+                $typesStr = static::printList($node->types, ' | ');
 
-                return $this->addDescription($node->description, $this->join(
+                return static::addDescription($node->description, static::join(
                     [
                         'union',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                         $typesStr !== ''
                             ? "= {$typesStr}"
                             : '',
@@ -432,13 +421,13 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
                 ));
 
             case $node instanceof UnionTypeExtensionNode:
-                $typesStr = $this->printList($node->types, ' | ');
+                $typesStr = static::printList($node->types, ' | ');
 
-                return $this->join(
+                return static::join(
                     [
                         'extend union',
-                        $this->p($node->name),
-                        $this->printList($node->directives, ' '),
+                        static::p($node->name),
+                        static::printList($node->directives, ' '),
                         $typesStr !== ''
                             ? "= {$typesStr}"
                             : '',
@@ -447,14 +436,14 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
                 );
 
             case $node instanceof VariableDefinitionNode:
-                return '$' . $this->p($node->variable->name)
+                return '$' . static::p($node->variable->name)
                     . ': '
-                    . $this->p($node->type)
-                    . $this->wrap(' = ', $this->p($node->defaultValue))
-                    . $this->wrap(' ', $this->printList($node->directives, ' '));
+                    . static::p($node->type)
+                    . static::wrap(' = ', static::p($node->defaultValue))
+                    . static::wrap(' ', static::printList($node->directives, ' '));
 
             case $node instanceof VariableNode:
-                return '$' . $this->p($node->name);
+                return '$' . static::p($node->name);
         }
 
         return '';
@@ -467,14 +456,14 @@ protected function p(?Node $node): string
      *
      * @throws \JsonException
      */
-    protected function printList(NodeList $list, string $separator = ''): string
+    protected static function printList(NodeList $list, string $separator = ''): string
     {
         $parts = [];
         foreach ($list as $item) {
-            $parts[] = $this->p($item);
+            $parts[] = static::p($item);
         }
 
-        return $this->join($parts, $separator);
+        return static::join($parts, $separator);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -486,7 +475,7 @@ protected function printList(NodeList $list, string $separator = ''): string
      *
      * @throws \JsonException
      */
-    protected function printListBlock(NodeList $list): string
+    protected static function printListBlock(NodeList $list): string
     {
         if (count($list) === 0) {
             return '';
@@ -494,23 +483,23 @@ protected function printListBlock(NodeList $list): string
 
         $parts = [];
         foreach ($list as $item) {
-            $parts[] = $this->p($item);
+            $parts[] = static::p($item);
         }
 
-        return "{\n" . $this->indent($this->join($parts, "\n")) . "\n}";
+        return "{\n" . static::indent(static::join($parts, "\n")) . "\n}";
     }
 
     /** @throws \JsonException */
-    protected function addDescription(?StringValueNode $description, string $body): string
+    protected static function addDescription(?StringValueNode $description, string $body): string
     {
-        return $this->join([$this->p($description), $body], "\n");
+        return static::join([static::p($description), $body], "\n");
     }
 
     /**
      * If maybeString is not null or empty, then wrap with start and end, otherwise
      * print an empty string.
      */
-    protected function wrap(string $start, ?string $maybeString, string $end = ''): string
+    protected static function wrap(string $start, ?string $maybeString, string $end = ''): string
     {
         if ($maybeString === null || $maybeString === '') {
             return '';
@@ -519,7 +508,7 @@ protected function wrap(string $start, ?string $maybeString, string $end = ''):
         return $start . $maybeString . $end;
     }
 
-    protected function indent(string $string): string
+    protected static function indent(string $string): string
     {
         if ($string === '') {
             return '';
@@ -529,7 +518,7 @@ protected function indent(string $string): string
     }
 
     /** @param array<string|null> $parts */
-    protected function join(array $parts, string $separator = ''): string
+    protected static function join(array $parts, string $separator = ''): string
     {
         return implode($separator, array_filter($parts, static fn (?string $part) => $part !== '' && $part !== null));
     }
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/BooleanType.php b/src/Type/Definition/BooleanType.php
index d9f64989c..bef0b6304 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/BooleanType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/BooleanType.php
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): bool
         throw new Error("Boolean cannot represent a non boolean value: {$notBoolean}");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null): bool
     {
         if ($valueNode instanceof BooleanValueNode) {
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/EnumType.php b/src/Type/Definition/EnumType.php
index 95ae89184..0caaa038e 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/EnumType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/EnumType.php
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ public function parseValue($value)
     }
 
     /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
      * @throws Error
      * @throws InvariantViolation
      */
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/FloatType.php b/src/Type/Definition/FloatType.php
index 64504076f..f4ad5a210 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/FloatType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/FloatType.php
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): float
         return $float;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null)
     {
         if ($valueNode instanceof FloatValueNode || $valueNode instanceof IntValueNode) {
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/IDType.php b/src/Type/Definition/IDType.php
index 447d761f2..65de7cb7b 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/IDType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/IDType.php
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): string
         throw new Error("ID cannot represent a non-string and non-integer value: {$notID}");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null): string
     {
         if ($valueNode instanceof StringValueNode || $valueNode instanceof IntValueNode) {
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/IntType.php b/src/Type/Definition/IntType.php
index 834a4cf82..e3f70d703 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/IntType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/IntType.php
@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): int
         return (int) $value;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null): int
     {
         if ($valueNode instanceof IntValueNode) {
diff --git a/src/Type/Definition/StringType.php b/src/Type/Definition/StringType.php
index c2f18a691..94a9da0f8 100644
--- a/src/Type/Definition/StringType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Definition/StringType.php
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): string
         return $value;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null): string
     {
         if ($valueNode instanceof StringValueNode) {
diff --git a/src/Validator/Rules/OverlappingFieldsCanBeMerged.php b/src/Validator/Rules/OverlappingFieldsCanBeMerged.php
index 801f8b100..afc29615a 100644
--- a/src/Validator/Rules/OverlappingFieldsCanBeMerged.php
+++ b/src/Validator/Rules/OverlappingFieldsCanBeMerged.php
@@ -431,6 +431,8 @@ protected function findConflict(
     /**
      * @param NodeList<ArgumentNode> $arguments1 keep
      * @param NodeList<ArgumentNode> $arguments2 keep
+     *
+     * @throws \JsonException
      */
     protected function sameArguments(NodeList $arguments1, NodeList $arguments2): bool
     {
@@ -459,6 +461,7 @@ protected function sameArguments(NodeList $arguments1, NodeList $arguments2): bo
         return true;
     }
 
+    /** @throws \JsonException */
     protected function sameValue(Node $value1, Node $value2): bool
     {
         return Printer::doPrint($value1) === Printer::doPrint($value2);
diff --git a/src/Validator/Rules/ValuesOfCorrectType.php b/src/Validator/Rules/ValuesOfCorrectType.php
index e96df3689..313d598cf 100644
--- a/src/Validator/Rules/ValuesOfCorrectType.php
+++ b/src/Validator/Rules/ValuesOfCorrectType.php
@@ -138,7 +138,11 @@ public function getVisitor(QueryValidationContext $context): array
         ];
     }
 
-    /** @param VariableNode|NullValueNode|IntValueNode|FloatValueNode|StringValueNode|BooleanValueNode|EnumValueNode|ListValueNode|ObjectValueNode $node */
+    /**
+     * @param VariableNode|NullValueNode|IntValueNode|FloatValueNode|StringValueNode|BooleanValueNode|EnumValueNode|ListValueNode|ObjectValueNode $node
+     *
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     */
     protected function isValidValueNode(QueryValidationContext $context, ValueNode $node): void
     {
         // Report any error at the full type expected by the location.
diff --git a/tests/Executor/TestClasses/ComplexScalar.php b/tests/Executor/TestClasses/ComplexScalar.php
index 06e793a14..f013b2de7 100644
--- a/tests/Executor/TestClasses/ComplexScalar.php
+++ b/tests/Executor/TestClasses/ComplexScalar.php
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ public function parseValue($value): string
         throw new Error("Cannot represent value as ComplexScalar: {$notComplexScalar}");
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function parseLiteral(Node $valueNode, ?array $variables = null): string
     {
         $value = property_exists($valueNode, 'value')
diff --git a/tests/TestCaseBase.php b/tests/TestCaseBase.php
index 3c7d6a019..39e1a55ba 100644
--- a/tests/TestCaseBase.php
+++ b/tests/TestCaseBase.php
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ protected function assertDidNotCrash(): void
         $this->addToAssertionCount(1);
     }
 
+    /** @throws \JsonException */
     protected static function assertASTMatches(string $expected, ?Node $node): void
     {
         self::assertInstanceOf(Node::class, $node);
diff --git a/tests/Utils/BuildSchemaTest.php b/tests/Utils/BuildSchemaTest.php
index 1b87ea784..f44942e5a 100644
--- a/tests/Utils/BuildSchemaTest.php
+++ b/tests/Utils/BuildSchemaTest.php
@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ private static function assertCycle(string $sdl): void
         self::assertSame($sdl, $cycled);
     }
 
-    /** @param ScalarType|ObjectType|InterfaceType|UnionType|EnumType|InputObjectType $obj */
+    /**
+     * @param ScalarType|ObjectType|InterfaceType|UnionType|EnumType|InputObjectType $obj
+     *
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     */
     private function printAllASTNodes(NamedType $obj): string
     {
         self::assertNotNull($obj->astNode);
diff --git a/tests/Utils/SchemaExtenderTest.php b/tests/Utils/SchemaExtenderTest.php
index ba19c80a4..2875b10b1 100644
--- a/tests/Utils/SchemaExtenderTest.php
+++ b/tests/Utils/SchemaExtenderTest.php
@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@
 /** @phpstan-import-type UnnamedFieldDefinitionConfig from FieldDefinition */
 final class SchemaExtenderTest extends TestCaseBase
 {
-    /** @param NamedType|Schema $obj */
+    /**
+     * @param NamedType|Schema $obj
+     *
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     */
     private function printExtensionNodes($obj): string
     {
         assert(isset($obj->extensionASTNodes));
@@ -92,6 +96,8 @@ private static function printSchemaChanges(Schema $schema, Schema $extendedSchem
     /**
      * graphql-js uses printASTNode() everywhere, but our Schema doesn't have astNode property,
      * hence this helper method that calls getAstNode() instead.
+     *
+     * @throws \JsonException
      */
     private function printASTSchema(Schema $schema): string
     {