diff --git a/.github/actions/make/android/bindings/action.yml b/.github/actions/make/android/bindings/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..908321be28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/make/android/bindings/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: Fetch or make kotlin bindings for android
+inputs:
+  gh-token:
+    required: true
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: fetch ffi library
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/ffi-library
+      with:
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: fetch uniffi bindgen artifact
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/uniffi-bindgen
+      with:
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: make android bindings
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make
+      with:
+        key: bindings-kotlin-android
+        make-rule: bindings-kotlin-android
+        target-path: |
+          crypto-ffi/bindings/android/src/main/uniffi/com/wire/crypto/core_crypto_ffi.kt
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
diff --git a/.github/actions/make/android/package/action.yml b/.github/actions/make/android/package/action.yml
index aaa6f340b1..f3babf885e 100644
--- a/.github/actions/make/android/package/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/make/android/package/action.yml
@@ -24,25 +24,11 @@ runs:
         task: android-x86
         gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
 
-    - name: fetch ffi library
-      uses: ./.github/actions/make/ffi-library
+    - name: download android bindings
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/bindings
       with:
         gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
 
-    - name: fetch uniffi bindgen artifact
-      uses: ./.github/actions/make/uniffi-bindgen
-      with:
-        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
-
-    - name: make android bindings
-      uses: ./.github/actions/make
-      with:
-        key: bindings-kotlin-android
-        make-rule: bindings-kotlin-android
-        target-path: |
-          crypto-ffi/bindings/android/src/main/uniffi/com/wire/crypto/core_crypto_ffi.kt
-        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
-
     - name: make android package
       uses: ./.github/actions/make
       with:
diff --git a/.github/actions/make/android/test/action.yml b/.github/actions/make/android/test/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e42d33fe79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/make/android/test/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: Test kotlin bindings for android via make
+inputs:
+  gh-token:
+    required: true
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: download armv7-linux-androideabi binaries
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/lib
+      with:
+        task: android-armv7
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: download aarch64-linux-android binaries
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/lib
+      with:
+        task: android-armv8
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: download x86_64-linux-android binaries
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/lib
+      with:
+        task: android-x86
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: fetch android bindings
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/bindings
+      with:
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
+
+    - name: make android-test
+      uses: ./.github/actions/make
+      with:
+        key: android-test
+        make-rule: android-test
+        target-path: |
+          .stamps/android-test
+        gh-token: ${{ inputs.gh-token }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pipeline.yml b/.github/workflows/pipeline.yml
index f25daedb09..e98c615676 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pipeline.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pipeline.yml
@@ -44,15 +44,27 @@ jobs:
   build-android:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/build-android.yml
 
-  package-android:
+  bindings-android:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs:
       - uniffi-bindgen-linux
       - ffi-library-linux
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/bindings
+        with:
+          gh-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+  package-android:
+    needs:
+      - bindings-android
       - build-android
     uses: ./.github/workflows/package-android.yml
 
   test-android:
-    needs: package-android
+    needs:
+      - bindings-android
+      - build-android
     uses: ./.github/workflows/test-android.yml
 
   #################
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-android.yml b/.github/workflows/test-android.yml
index fe1be3bbfa..8db014bfe9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-android.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-android.yml
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
-    env:
-      ANDROID_NDK_VERSION: 28.1.13356709
-
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: set up jdk 17
@@ -33,16 +30,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
           sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
 
-      - name: download android package
-        uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/package
-        with:
-          gh-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
       - name: android instrumentation tests
-        uses: reactivecircus/android-emulator-runner@v2
+        uses: ./.github/actions/make/android/test
         with:
-          api-level: 32
-          arch: x86_64
-          working-directory: ./crypto-ffi/bindings
-          script: ./gradlew android:connectedAndroidTest
-
+          gh-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f155d8df25..0858e59de2 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -298,6 +298,12 @@ $(STAMPS)/ios-create-xcframework: $(ios-create-xcframework-deps)
 .PHONY: ios-create-xcframework
 ios-create-xcframework: $(STAMPS)/ios-create-xcframework ## Build the XCode framework (macOS only)
 
+ios-test-deps := $(IOS_SIMULATOR_ARM) $(UNIFFI_SWIFT_OUTPUT)
+
+$(STAMPS)/ios-test: $(ios-test-deps)
+	$(SHELL) scripts/run-ios-tests.sh $(XCODE_CONFIG)
+	$(TOUCH_STAMP)
+
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Android builds
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -309,11 +315,12 @@ android-env:
 	  echo "ERROR: set ANDROID_NDK_HOME"; exit 1; \
 	fi
 	@ndk_version=$$(perl -ne 's/Pkg\.Revision = // and print' $(ANDROID_NDK_HOME)/source.properties) && \
-		echo "Using Android NDK $${ndk_version} at $(ANDROID_NDK_HOME)"; \
+		echo "Using Android NDK $${ndk_version} at $(ANDROID_NDK_HOME)";
 
 ANDROID_ARMv7 := target/armv7-linux-androideabi/$(RELEASE_MODE)/libcore_crypto_ffi.so
 android-armv7-deps := $(RUST_SOURCES)
-$(ANDROID_ARMv7): $(android-armv7-deps) | android-env
+$(ANDROID_ARMv7): $(android-armv7-deps)
+	$(MAKE) android-env;
 	cargo rustc --locked \
 	  --target armv7-linux-androideabi \
 	  --package core-crypto-ffi \
@@ -325,7 +332,8 @@ android-armv7: $(ANDROID_ARMv7) ## Build core-crypto-ffi for armv7-linux-android
 
 ANDROID_ARMv8 := target/aarch64-linux-android/$(RELEASE_MODE)/libcore_crypto_ffi.so
 android-armv8-deps := $(RUST_SOURCES)
-$(ANDROID_ARMv8): $(android-armv8-deps) | android-env
+$(ANDROID_ARMv8): $(android-armv8-deps)
+	$(MAKE) android-env;
 	cargo rustc --locked \
 	  --target aarch64-linux-android \
 	  --package core-crypto-ffi \
@@ -337,7 +345,8 @@ android-armv8: $(ANDROID_ARMv8) ## Build core-crypto-ffi for aarch64-linux-andro
 
 ANDROID_X86 := target/x86_64-linux-android/$(RELEASE_MODE)/libcore_crypto_ffi.so
 android-x86-deps := $(RUST_SOURCES)
-$(ANDROID_X86): $(android-x86-deps) | android-env
+$(ANDROID_X86): $(android-x86-deps)
+	$(MAKE) android-env;
 	# Link clang_rt.builtins statically for x86_64 Android
 	cargo rustc --locked \
 	  --target x86_64-linux-android \
@@ -357,6 +366,24 @@ android: $(android-deps) ## Build all Android targets
 	cd crypto-ffi/bindings && \
 	./gradlew android:assemble$(GRADLE_BUILD_TYPE)
 
+ifeq ($(UNAME_S),Linux)
+ANDROID_TEST_LIB := $(ANDROID_X86)
+android-test-lib-deps := $(android-x86-deps)
+android-test-lib: android-x86 ## Build core-crypto-ffi for Android (automatically select the target based on the host machine)
+else ifeq ($(UNAME_S),Darwin)
+ANDROID_TEST_LIB := $(ANDROID_ARMv8)
+android-test-lib-deps := $(android-armv8-deps)
+android-test-lib: android-armv8
+else
+$(error Unsupported host platform for android-test-lib: $(UNAME_S))
+endif
+
+android-test-deps := $(ANDROID_TEST_LIB) $(UNIFFI_ANDROID_OUTPUT)
+
+$(STAMPS)/android-test: $(android-test-deps)
+	$(SHELL) scripts/run-android-tests.sh
+	$(TOUCH_STAMP)
+
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # JVM native builds (Darwin + Linux)
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -402,10 +429,12 @@ else
 $(error Unsupported host platform for jvm: $(UNAME_S))
 endif
 
-.PHONY: jvm-test
-jvm-test: $(JVM_LIB) bindings-kotlin-jvm ## Run Kotlin tests on JVM
+jvm-test-deps := $(JVM_LIB) $(UNIFFI_JVM_OUTPUT)
+
+$(STAMPS)/jvm-test: $(jvm-test-deps)
 	cd crypto-ffi/bindings && \
 	./gradlew jvm:test --rerun
+	$(TOUCH_STAMP)
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # TypeScript / JS tasks
@@ -485,9 +514,10 @@ $(TS_OUT): $(ts-deps)
 .PHONY: ts
 ts: $(TS_OUT) ## Build the TypeScript wrapper
 
+ts-test-deps := $(TS_OUT)
+
 # run WebDriver tests + bun’s built-in tests
-.PHONY: ts-test
-ts-test: $(TS_OUT) ## Run TypeScript wrapper tests via wdio and bun. Optionally pass TEST=<test> to filter by test name.
+$(STAMPS)/ts-test: $(ts-test-deps)
 	@set -euo pipefail; \
 	cd $(JS_DIR) && \
 	if [ -n "$(TEST)" ]; then \
@@ -497,6 +527,7 @@ ts-test: $(TS_OUT) ## Run TypeScript wrapper tests via wdio and bun. Optionally
 		bun x wdio run wdio.conf.ts --spec test/wdio/*.test.ts; \
 		bun test; \
 	fi
+	$(TOUCH_STAMP)
 
 # run WebDriver benches
 .PHONY: ts-bench
@@ -523,6 +554,12 @@ interop-build-deps := $(INTEROP_SOURCES)
 $(INTEROP_OUT): $(interop-build-deps)
 	cargo build --bin interop
 
+interop-test-deps := $(INTEROP_OUT) $(TS_OUT) $(IOS_SIMULATOR_ARM) $(UNIFFI_SWIFT_OUTPUT) $(ANDROID_ARMv8) $(ANDROID_ARMv7) $(ANDROID_X86) $(UNIFFI_ANDROID_OUTPUT)
+
+$(STAMPS)/interop-test: $(interop-test-deps)
+	$(SHELL) scripts/run-interop-test.sh $(XCODE_CONFIG)
+	$(TOUCH_STAMP)
+
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Documentation targets
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -573,7 +610,7 @@ $(STAMPS)/docs-ts: $(TS_OUT)
 docs-ts: $(STAMPS)/docs-ts ## Generate TypeScript docs
 
 # Swift docs via Jazzy (macOS only)
-docs-swift-deps := $(IOS_DEVICE) $(IOS_SIMULATOR_ARM) $(STAMPS)/bindings-swift
+docs-swift-deps := $(IOS_DEVICE) $(IOS_SIMULATOR_ARM) $(UNIFFI_SWIFT_OUTPUT)
 $(STAMPS)/docs-swift: $(docs-swift-deps)
 	mkdir -p target/swift/doc
 	cd crypto-ffi/bindings/swift/WireCoreCrypto && \
@@ -693,3 +730,27 @@ fmt: rust-fmt swift-fmt kotlin-fmt ts-fmt ## Format all files
 
 .PHONY: check
 check: rust-check swift-check kotlin-check ts-check ## Run all linters
+
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Lazy targets
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+LAZY_TARGETS := jvm-test ts-test android-test ios-test interop-test
+
+ts-test: ## Run TypeScript wrapper tests via wdio and bun. Optionally pass TEST=<test> to filter by test name.
+jvm-test: ## Run Kotlin tests on JVM
+android-test: ## Run Kotlin tests on Android
+ios-test: ## Run Swift tests on iOS (macOS only)
+interop-test: ## Run e2e interop test
+
+ifeq ($(LAZY_MAKE),)
+
+.PHONY: $(LAZY_TARGETS)
+$(LAZY_TARGETS):
+	@rm -f $(STAMPS)/$@
+	@$(MAKE) $(STAMPS)/$@
+
+else
+$(LAZY_TARGETS): %: $(STAMPS)/%
+
+endif
diff --git a/scripts/create-android-virtual-device.sh b/scripts/create-android-virtual-device.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ff309c086e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/create-android-virtual-device.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+set -e
+
+# =========================
+# SET ANDROID ARCH BASED ON OS
+# =========================
+OS="$(uname -s)"
+
+if [ "$OS" = "Darwin" ]; then
+    ANDROID_ARCH="arm64-v8a"
+elif [ "$OS" = "Linux" ]; then
+    ANDROID_ARCH="x86_64"
+else
+    echo "Unsupported OS: $OS"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Using Android architecture: $ANDROID_ARCH"
+
+# =========================
+# CONFIGURATION
+# =========================
+ANDROID_API_LEVEL=32
+ANDROID_AVD=test_api_$ANDROID_API_LEVEL
+NDK_VERSION=$(cat crypto-ffi/bindings/android/ndk.version)
+
+# Android SDK root - if command line tools installed via Homebrew, set
+# ANDROID_HOME=/opt/homebrew/share/android-commandlinetools
+export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/$NDK_VERSION
+export ANDROID_AVD_HOME=$HOME/.config/.android/avd
+
+# PATH updates
+export PATH=$ANDROID_HOME/cmdline-tools/latest/bin:$ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools:$ANDROID_HOME/emulator:$PATH
+
+# =========================
+# INSTALL REQUIRED COMPONENTS
+# =========================
+LATEST_BUILD_TOOLS=$(sdkmanager --list \
+      | grep "build-tools;" \
+      | grep -v "rc" \
+      | awk -F ';' '{print $2}' \
+      | awk '{print $1}' \
+      | sort -V \
+      | tail -n1)
+
+echo "Installing platform-tools, build tools $LATEST_BUILD_TOOLS, emulator, platform $ANDROID_API_LEVEL, and system image ($ANDROID_ARCH)..."
+
+yes | sdkmanager --licenses >/dev/null
+sdkmanager --install "build-tools;$LATEST_BUILD_TOOLS"
+sdkmanager --install "platform-tools"
+sdkmanager --install "platforms;android-$ANDROID_API_LEVEL"
+sdkmanager --install "emulator" --channel=0
+sdkmanager --install "system-images;android-$ANDROID_API_LEVEL;default;$ANDROID_ARCH" --channel=0
+
+# =========================
+# CREATE AVD
+# =========================
+# Delete existing AVD if it exists
+if avdmanager list avd | grep -q "^  Name: $ANDROID_AVD$"; then
+    echo "Deleting existing AVD $ANDROID_AVD..."
+    avdmanager delete avd -n $ANDROID_AVD
+fi
+
+# Create new AVD
+echo "Creating AVD $ANDROID_AVD..."
+mkdir -p "$ANDROID_AVD_HOME"
+echo "no" | avdmanager create avd \
+    -n $ANDROID_AVD \
+    -k "system-images;android-$ANDROID_API_LEVEL;default;$ANDROID_ARCH" \
+    --force \
+    -p "$ANDROID_AVD_HOME/$ANDROID_AVD"
+
+# =========================
+# LAUNCH EMULATOR HEADLESS
+# =========================
+echo "Launching emulator $ANDROID_AVD headlessly..."
+emulator -avd $ANDROID_AVD -no-window -no-snapshot-save >/dev/null &
+EMULATOR_PID=$!
+
+echo "Waiting for Android emulator to be fully booted..."
+adb wait-for-device
+
+until adb shell getprop sys.boot_completed | grep -m 1 '1'; do
+  sleep 1
+done
+
+until adb shell pm list packages >/dev/null 2>&1; do
+  sleep 1
+done
+
+echo "Emulator started. PID: $EMULATOR_PID"
+
+echo $EMULATOR_PID
diff --git a/scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh b/scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh
index 618f49c025..ab624acf54 100755
--- a/scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh
+++ b/scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+set -e
 
 NAME="$1"
 
diff --git a/scripts/run-android-tests.sh b/scripts/run-android-tests.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32c37a52fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/run-android-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+./scripts/create-android-virtual-device.sh
+
+trap '
+  echo "Shutting down Android emulator via adb"
+  $ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools/adb emu kill
+' EXIT
+
+cd crypto-ffi/bindings
+
+./gradlew android:connectedAndroidTest --rerun
diff --git a/scripts/run-interop-test.sh b/scripts/run-interop-test.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7a356fdb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/run-interop-test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+XCODE_CONFIG=$1
+
+OS="$(uname -s)"
+
+cleanup() {
+  if [ -n "$simulator_id" ]; then
+    echo "deleting simulator device $simulator_id"
+    scripts/delete-ios-sim-device.sh "$simulator_id"
+  fi
+
+  echo "Shutting down Android emulator via adb"
+  $ANDROID_HOME/platform-tools/adb emu kill
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+if [ "$OS" = "Darwin" ]; then
+    simulator_id=$(./scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh "iPhone 16 e2e-interop-test")
+
+    cd interop/src/clients/InteropClient
+
+    xcodebuild \
+    	-scheme InteropClient \
+    	-configuration "$XCODE_CONFIG" \
+    	-sdk iphonesimulator \
+    	-destination "id=$simulator_id" \
+    	clean build install DSTROOT=./Products
+
+    ./install-interop-client.sh $simulator_id
+
+    cd -
+fi
+
+./scripts/create-android-virtual-device.sh
+
+cd interop/src/clients
+
+./gradlew android-interop:install$XCODE_CONFIG
+
+cd -
+
+./target/debug/interop
diff --git a/scripts/run-ios-tests.sh b/scripts/run-ios-tests.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41fe65c4cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/run-ios-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+XCODE_CONFIG=$1
+
+simulator_id=$(./scripts/create-ios-sim-device.sh "iPhone 16 test-ios")
+
+trap 'echo "deleting simulator device $simulator_id";
+        ../../../../scripts/delete-ios-sim-device.sh "$simulator_id"' EXIT
+
+cd crypto-ffi/bindings/swift/WireCoreCrypto
+
+xcodebuild test \
+	-scheme TestHost \
+	-configuration "$XCODE_CONFIG" \
+	-sdk iphonesimulator \
+	-destination "id=$simulator_id"