feat(再看设计原则): add 合成复用原则,开闭原则 article

yyc-git · yyc-git · commit 8066f14c09da · 2023-04-18T10:30:58.000+08:00
diff --git a/doc/TODO.org b/doc/TODO.org
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ finish TODO
 每个设计原则给两个函数式编程的案例
 
 
-** TODO draft
+** DONE draft
 
 
 ** TODO update
diff --git a/doc/宣传.md b/doc/宣传.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+一万小时的结晶：3D编程模式
+
+
diff --git a/doc/第四轮.org b/doc/第四轮.org
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
 ** TODO 整理每个package代码，给出运行代码的script；并在README中说明如何运行，怎样运行
 
 
+** TODO 对用Rescript写的package，说明如何编译，以及package.json->main对应哪个src/的.res文件
+
+
 
 ** TODO 代码示例
 
diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/1.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/1.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/2.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/2.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/3.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/3.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/4.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/4.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/article.md b/packages/再看设计原则/合成复用原则/article.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# 定义
+
+尽量使用组合而不是继承
+
+# 补充说明
+
+“继承”属于面向对象编程，函数式编程中没有“继承”的概念
+但是，函数式编程其实也可以实现“继承”，只是把“类”换成“模块”，如Rescript支持在一个模块B中引入另一个模块A，使得B获得了A的所有成员，这相当于B继承了A
+
+相关代码如下：
+```res
+module A = {
+  let value1 = "A1"
+
+  let func1 = () => {
+    1
+  }
+}
+
+module B = {
+  //引入A
+  include A
+
+  //覆盖了A.value1
+  let value1 = "B1"
+
+  let func2 = () => {
+    //调用A.func1
+    func1()
+  }
+}
+```
+
+所以说合成复用原则也适用于函数式编程
+
+继承的领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+我们来看下继承的优缺点：
+继承的优点：
+- 实现新的子模块比较容易，因为子模块可以直接通过继承获得父模块的成员
+- 可以在父模块的基础上扩展子模块
+
+继承的缺点：
+
+- 继承破坏了封装，父模块的细节完全暴露给子模块，父模块的任何细节发生了改变都会影响到子模块
+- 继承是静态的，在运行时不能改变继承关系
+
+
+组合的领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+我们来看下组合的优缺点：
+组合的优点：
+- 组合保持了封装，因为新模块看不到已有模块的细节，新模块只能通过已有模块的接口来访问它
+<!-- - 能够通过装饰器模式等方法来包装组合 -->
+- 组合是动态的，在运行时能改变组合关系
+
+组合的缺点：
+- 模块的数量会比较多
+
+
+
+继承关系属于“Is-A”的关系，而组合关系却属于“Has-A”的关系
+
+# 案例1
+
+TODO tu
+如上图所示，因为雇员、学生都是人，它们与人是“Is-A”的关系，所以它们的关系是继承关系
+
+实际上，雇员、经理是两种角色，而人可以同时有几种不同的角色
+如一个人可以既是雇员又是经理，然而这里使用继承的话，每个人就只能有一种角色，这不是很合理
+
+因此，我们将它们由继承关系改为组合关系，修改后的领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+现在，一个人可以通过组合不同的角色，来拥有多个角色
+
diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/1.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/1.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/2.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/2.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/article.md b/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/article.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# 定义
+
+对扩展开放，对修改关闭
+
+
+# 补充说明
+
+一个软件实体应该通过扩展来实现变化，而不是通过修改已有的代码来实现变化
+
+
+<!-- # 做项目的时候哪些地方违反了开闭原则？ -->
+
+具体来说，如果我们为了增加第三方库的功能而直接修改第三方库的代码，那么这就违反了开闭原则
+
+**为什么违反**
+这是通过修改了已有代码来实现变化
+
+**造成什么问题**
+升级第三方库的版本时，会导致原有的修改失效，从而不得不再次修改一遍
+
+
+**如何改进**
+
+有很多改进的方法，其中一个方法就是使用设计模式中的“中间者模式”，增加一个模块A来封装第三方库，让用户改为调用模块A而不是直接调用第三方库。
+这样在需要增加第三方库的功能时，则只增加一个模块B，使其继承模块A，然后在模块B中加入增加的功能代码，让用户改为调用模块B
+
+这样做的话就通过扩展而不是修改来实现了变化，从而符合开闭原则
+
+
+# 案例1
+
+以服装店销售衣服系统为例，领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+
+现在需要对TShirt中所有40元以上的衣服9折销售，有下面三种实现的思路如下：
+
+- 修改用户模块ClothStore
+在卖衣服时判断价格来打对应的折扣
+- 修改接口Cloth
+首先，Cloth增加一个函数：getOffPrice()，专门用于进行打折处理；
+然后，TShirt实现该函数；
+最后，ClothStore从调用getPrice函数改为调用getOffPrice函数
+- 修改实现模块TShirt
+修改TShirt的getPrice函数，实现打折处理
+
+上面三种实现思路都违反了开闭原则，因为它们都是通过修改Cloth的相关代码来实现变化
+
+我们可以增加一个继承TShirt的子模块：OffTShirt，在其中增加getOffPrice函数
+领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+这样就只需要修改用户模块ClothStore，使其从调用TShirt的getPrice函数改为调用OffTShirt的getOffPrice函数，而不需要修改Cloth的相关代码
+
+这样就通过扩展来实现了变化，符合开闭原则
+
+值得注意的是：开闭原则允许修改用户模块
+
+
+# 案例2
+
+
+我们来看下另一个例子，我们要实现一个人员管理系统，领域模型如下：
+TODO tu
+
+人员固定有三个数据：姓名、卡号、部门
+
+现在用户提出了新的需求，希望能够任意地新增、修改、删除人员的数据，那么系统应该如何设计，才能实现用户的需求且符合开闭原则？
+
+
+
+我们修改领域模型，修改后如下：
+TODO tu
+
+这里将人员和它的数据改为了组合关系
+比如对于原来的三个数据，现在它们的关系如下：
+```ts
+人员 = 人员数据项1 + 人员数据项2 + 人员数据项3
+
+其中：
+人员数据项1 = 名称(姓名) + 值 + 类型(string)
+人员数据项2 = 名称(卡号) + 值 + 类型(string)
+人员数据项3 = 名称(部门) + 值 + 类型(string)
+```
+
+可以通过增加一个人员数据项，从而实现增加一个人员的数据；
+可以通过增加一个修改后的人员数据项，并使人员从组合修改前的数据项改为组合修改后的数据项，从而实现修改人员的数据；
+可以通过使人员不再组合某个数据项，从而实现删除人员的数据
+
+这些都是通过扩展而非修改来实现变化，所以符合开闭原则
diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/人员组合.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/人员组合.drawio
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diff --git a/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/人员继承（前）.drawio b/packages/再看设计原则/开闭原则/人员继承（前）.drawio
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