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Instruction Set Reference

TinyTotVM provides 55+ core instructions plus comprehensive standard library covering all aspects of modern programming language execution.

Arithmetic & Logic

Integer Arithmetic

ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV       ; Basic integer arithmetic
MOD                      ; Modulo operation

Float Arithmetic

ADD_F, SUB_F, MUL_F, DIV_F  ; Float arithmetic with IEEE 754 compliance

Comparisons

EQ, NE, GT, LT, GE, LE      ; Integer comparisons
EQ_F, NE_F, GT_F, LT_F, GE_F, LE_F  ; Float comparisons

Boolean Operations

AND, OR, NOT             ; Boolean logic operations

Stack Operations

PUSH_INT 42              ; Push integer literal
PUSH_FLOAT 3.14          ; Push float literal
PUSH_STR "hello"         ; Push string literal
TRUE, FALSE, NULL        ; Push boolean/null constants
DUP                      ; Duplicate top stack value

Variables & Scoping

STORE varname            ; Store value in current scope
LOAD varname             ; Load variable value
DELETE varname           ; Remove variable from scope
DUMP_SCOPE              ; Debug: print current scope

Objects & Collections

Object Operations

MAKE_OBJECT             ; Create empty object
SET_FIELD name          ; Set object field
GET_FIELD name          ; Get object field
HAS_FIELD name          ; Check if field exists
DELETE_FIELD name       ; Remove object field
KEYS                   ; Get all field names as list

List Operations

MAKE_LIST 3            ; Create list from top 3 stack items
LEN                    ; Get length of list/object
INDEX                  ; Access list element by index

Functions & Control Flow

Function Calls

CALL label param1 param2    ; Call function with parameters
RET                         ; Return from function
MAKE_FUNCTION label x y     ; Create function pointer
CALL_FUNCTION              ; Call function from stack

Closures & Lambdas

MAKE_LAMBDA label x y       ; Create anonymous function (closure)
CAPTURE varname             ; Capture variable for closure

Control Flow

JMP label              ; Unconditional jump
JZ label               ; Jump if zero/false/null
LABEL name             ; Define a label

Exception Handling

TRY                    ; Start exception handling block
CATCH varname          ; Catch exceptions in variable
THROW                  ; Throw exception from stack
END_TRY               ; End exception handling block

Module System

IMPORT path            ; Import module by file path
EXPORT name            ; Export variable/function by name

I/O & System Operations

Basic I/O

PRINT                  ; Print top stack value
READ_LINE              ; Read line from stdin
READ_CHAR              ; Read single character from stdin
READ_INPUT             ; Read all input until EOF from stdin

File Operations

READ_FILE              ; Read file contents to string
WRITE_FILE             ; Write string to file
APPEND_FILE            ; Append content to file
FILE_EXISTS            ; Check if file exists
FILE_SIZE              ; Get file size in bytes
DELETE_FILE            ; Delete a file
LIST_DIR               ; List directory contents
READ_BYTES             ; Read file as byte array
WRITE_BYTES            ; Write byte array to file

Environment & Process

GET_ENV                ; Get environment variable
SET_ENV                ; Set environment variable
GET_ARGS               ; Get command line arguments
EXEC                   ; Execute external command
EXEC_CAPTURE           ; Execute command and capture output
EXIT                   ; Exit with status code

Time Operations

GET_TIME               ; Get current Unix timestamp
SLEEP                  ; Sleep for specified milliseconds
FORMAT_TIME            ; Format timestamp to string

Network Operations

HTTP_GET               ; HTTP GET request
HTTP_POST              ; HTTP POST request
TCP_CONNECT            ; Connect to TCP server
TCP_LISTEN             ; Listen on TCP port
TCP_SEND               ; Send data over TCP connection
TCP_RECV               ; Receive data from TCP connection
UDP_BIND               ; Bind UDP socket to port
UDP_SEND               ; Send UDP packet
UDP_RECV               ; Receive UDP packet
DNS_RESOLVE            ; Resolve hostname to IP address

Async Operations

ASYNC_READ             ; Asynchronous file read
ASYNC_WRITE            ; Asynchronous file write
AWAIT                  ; Wait for async operation completion

Stream Operations

STREAM_CREATE          ; Create data stream
STREAM_READ            ; Read from data stream
STREAM_WRITE           ; Write to data stream
STREAM_CLOSE           ; Close data stream

Data Format Operations

JSON_PARSE             ; Parse JSON string to object
JSON_STRINGIFY         ; Convert value to JSON string
CSV_PARSE              ; Parse CSV data to list
CSV_WRITE              ; Convert list to CSV format

Compression & Crypto

COMPRESS               ; Compress data
DECOMPRESS             ; Decompress data
ENCRYPT                ; Encrypt data with key
DECRYPT                ; Decrypt data with key
HASH                   ; Generate hash of data

Database Operations

DB_CONNECT             ; Connect to database
DB_QUERY               ; Execute database query
DB_EXEC                ; Execute database command

Control

HALT                   ; Stop execution

Type System

TinyTotVM supports 14 built-in value types:

  • Int(i64) - 64-bit signed integers
  • Float(f64) - IEEE 754 double-precision floats
  • Str(String) - UTF-8 strings
  • Bool(bool) - Boolean values
  • Null - Null/undefined value
  • List(Vec) - Dynamic arrays
  • Object(HashMap<String, Value>) - Dynamic objects
  • Bytes(Vec) - Byte arrays
  • Connection(String) - Network connections
  • Stream(String) - Data streams
  • Future(String) - Async operations
  • Function - Function pointers
  • Closure - Closures with captured environment
  • Exception - Exception objects with stack traces

Error Handling

All operations use comprehensive error handling instead of crashes:

  • StackUnderflow - Not enough values on stack
  • TypeMismatch - Incompatible types for operation
  • UndefinedVariable - Variable not found in scope
  • IndexOutOfBounds - List/string index out of range
  • FileError - File operation failure
  • ParseError - Syntax or parsing error
  • CallStackUnderflow - Return without call
  • NoVariableScope - No variable scope available

Addressing Modes

Instructions support both numeric and symbolic addressing:

; Numeric addressing
JMP 42
CALL 100 param1 param2

; Symbolic addressing  
JMP end_loop
CALL my_function x y

LABEL end_loop
LABEL my_function

Register-Based IR Instructions

When using the experimental --use-ir flag, TinyTotVM translates stack-based bytecode to register-based intermediate representation with the following instruction set:

Core IR Operations

MOV r1, #5              ; Move immediate value to register
MOV r2, r1              ; Move register to register
ADD r3, r1, r2          ; r3 = r1 + r2
SUB r3, r1, r2          ; r3 = r1 - r2
MUL r3, r1, r2          ; r3 = r1 * r2
DIV r3, r1, r2          ; r3 = r1 / r2

Control Flow

JMP 100                 ; Unconditional jump to instruction 100
JZ r1, 200             ; Jump to instruction 200 if r1 is zero

I/O Operations

PRINT r1               ; Print value in register r1
HALT                   ; Terminate execution

Note: The IR mode provides comprehensive instruction translation with automatic fallback to the SMP scheduler for concurrency operations, ensuring full compatibility with all TinyTotVM features.