[Python][Packaging] Drop Python 3.10 support

[raulcd]

Describe the enhancement requested

Previous issue for Python 3.9: #47443
Previous issue for Python 3.8: #43518
Previous issue for Python 3.7: #34788

Following our calendar, our next 26.0.0 release will be around October when Python 3.15 will be released and Python 3.10 will be EOL see:
https://devguide.python.org/versions

We dropped Python 3.7 support in PyArrow 13.0 (August 2023). We dropped Python 3.8 support in PyArrow 18.0 (October 2024). And we dropped Python 3.9 on 22.0.0 (October 2025).

Component(s)

Python, Packaging