diff --git a/data/source/minerals/ametrine.yaml b/data/source/minerals/ametrine.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdb5bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/ametrine.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+id: ametrine
+name: Ametrine
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "32"
+chemistry: SiO2
+mineral_group: Quartz group
+category: Tectosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7
+sg: 2.65
+ri: 1.544-1.553
+birefringence: 0.009
+optical_character: Uniaxial +
+dispersion: 0.013
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Bicolour quartz with distinct amethyst (purple) and citrine (yellow-orange) sectors; sharp colour boundary; uniaxial positive; RI 1.544-1.553; SG 2.65; hardness 7; Bolivia Anahí mine as primary natural source"
+pleochroism: Weak (purple/pale in amethyst sectors; near-absent in citrine sectors)
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Purple
+pleochroism_color2: Pale violet to colourless
+colors:
+- Bicolour purple/violet (amethyst sector) and yellow to orange (citrine sector)
+treatments:
+- Thermal/irradiation treatment of amethyst can produce synthetic ametrine; natural ametrine from Bolivia has specific inclusions distinguishing it from treated material
+localities:
+- Bolivia (Anahí mine, Santa Cruz province; primary and most celebrated source)
+- Brazil (minor; bicolour quartz from various localities)
+- India (minor occurrences)
+inclusions:
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions in both sectors
+- Growth zone planes parallel to rhombohedral faces
+- Sharp colour sector boundaries (diagnostic of natural bicolour growth)
+notes: >
+  Bicolour variety of quartz showing amethyst (purple; Fe4+/Fe3+ colour centre) and citrine
+  (yellow-orange; Fe3+ in different coordination) growth sectors in a single crystal.
+  The Bolivia Anahí mine is documented as the primary commercial source by Sunagawa et al. 1999
+  (DOI 10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00866-0) [VERIFIED] and Fritsch & Shigley 1994, Gems & Gemology
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.30.1.4) [VERIFIED]. Crystal system trigonal 32 (same as quartz and amethyst/
+  citrine). RI and SG from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Distinction from heat-treated bicolour quartz: natural ametrine has sharp sector boundaries
+  and specific inclusion suite from the Anahí mine.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Ametrine
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Ametrine (bicolour Quartz)
+    #! System: Trigonal (32)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic hexagonal crystal with amethyst/citrine colour sectors
+    trigonal[32]:{10-10}@1.0 + {10-11}@0.8 + {0001}@0.3
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Bicolour quartz crystal with amethyst (purple, Fe4+) and citrine (yellow, Fe3+) growth sectors
+    separated by a sharp planar boundary. Bolivia Anahí mine is the benchmark natural source.
+    CDL identical to quartz/amethyst/citrine; the bicolour character is a growth phenomenon.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - rhombohedron
+  - pinacoid
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/andalusite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/andalusite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0c14ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/andalusite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+id: andalusite
+name: Andalusite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: Al2SiO5
+mineral_group: Al2SiO5 polymorph group (with kyanite and sillimanite)
+category: Nesosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7-7.5
+sg: 3.13-3.17
+ri: 1.629-1.650
+birefringence: 0.007-0.013
+optical_character: Biaxial -
+dispersion: 0.016
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Distinct prismatic {110} in two directions at ~90°
+fracture: Uneven to conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Strong trichroism (dark red/reddish-brown + olive green to yellowish-green + orange to brownish-yellow) — the single most diagnostic optical feature; chiastolite cross-section (carbonaceous inclusions in symmetrical cross pattern in some crystals)"
+pleochroism: Strong trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Dark red to reddish-brown
+pleochroism_color2: Olive green to yellowish-green
+pleochroism_notes: Third direction orange to brownish-yellow; trichroism visible in dichroscope; "The strong trichroism of andalusite — with dark red, olive green, and orange-yellow visible through the dichroscope — is the single most diagnostic optical feature of this species"
+colors:
+- Yellow-green
+- Olive green
+- Brownish-red
+- Reddish-orange
+- Greenish-brown
+treatments:
+- Generally not treated
+localities:
+- Brazil (Minas Gerais; primary source of transparent gem-quality)
+- Sri Lanka (alluvial; lighter tone)
+- Spain (Almeria, Castile; chiastolite variety)
+- Madagascar
+- USA (California; chiastolite variety)
+inclusions:
+- Chiastolite: carbonaceous (graphite-rich) inclusions forming the diagnostic cross pattern
+- Gem-quality: occasional two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Apatite or mica inclusions (metamorphic paragenesis)
+notes: >
+  Al2SiO5 nesosilicate; one of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs (andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite).
+  Orthorhombic mmm; biaxial negative with 2V ~85°. Strong trichroism (X = dark red,
+  Y = olive green, Z = orange-yellow) is primary diagnostic. Chiastolite is the carbonaceous
+  variety showing a symmetrical cross in cross-section. Gemmological constants confirmed by
+  Fernandes & Choudhary 2009, Gems & Gemology 45(2):120-129 (DOI 10.5741/gems.45.2.120)
+  [VERIFIED]. Colour cause: Fe3+ substitution producing pleochroic absorption pattern.
+  Two cleavage directions at ~90°; avoid hard impacts. Standard gem material from Brazil;
+  chiastolite as collector's item from Spain.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Andalusite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Andalusite
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Coarse prismatic with square cross-section
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Coarse prismatic crystals with near-square cross-section; {110} prism dominant. Strong trichroism
+    (red/olive-green/orange-yellow) is the diagnostic optical feature. Gem quality from Brazil
+    (Minas Gerais). Biaxial negative with 2V ~85°.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
+- slug: chiastolite
+  name: Chiastolite (Andalusite variety)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Chiastolite (carbonaceous Andalusite)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic with cross-shaped carbonaceous inclusions
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7[inclusion:carbonaceous_cross]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Variety of andalusite containing carbonaceous (graphite-rich) inclusions arranged in a
+    symmetrical cross parallel to the prism faces; visible in cross-section cabochons.
+    Grey, brown, and white body colour. Spain and California localities.
+  forms:
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/benitoite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/benitoite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1410af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/benitoite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+id: benitoite
+name: Benitoite
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: "-6m2"
+chemistry: BaTiSi3O9
+mineral_group: Benitoite group (cyclosilicates)
+category: Cyclosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6-6.5
+sg: 3.65-3.68
+ri: 1.757-1.804
+birefringence: 0.047
+optical_character: Uniaxial +
+dispersion: 0.044
+lustre: Adamantine to vitreous
+cleavage: Poor {1010}
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Intense blue fluorescence under shortwave UV (SWUV) — the most immediately diagnostic field test; strong dichroism (vivid blue / colourless in dichroscope); very high birefringence 0.047 (strong fire and doubling); RI above standard refractometer range (1.79 limit); only commercial source: New Idria district, San Benito County, California"
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Vivid blue (ordinary ray perpendicular to c-axis)
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless to pale blue (extraordinary ray along c-axis)
+colors:
+- Vivid blue (primary gem colour)
+- Colourless
+- Rarely pinkish-orange
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- San Benito County, California, USA (the only commercial source worldwide; gem-quality crystals in natrolite vein in blueschist)
+- Non-gem occurrences in Japan, Belgium, Australia, Czech Republic
+inclusions:
+- Generally clean
+- Occasional two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Neptunite crystals (black associated mineral in matrix specimens)
+notes: >
+  BaTiSi3O9; barium titanium cyclosilicate; hexagonal point group -6m2 (ditrigonal dipyramidal).
+  Crystals have a triangular (not hexagonal) outline due to this point group. State gemstone
+  of California since 1985. Primary gemmological reference: Laurs, Rohtert & Gray 1997,
+  Gems & Gemology 33(3):166-187 (DOI 10.5741/gems.33.3.166) [VERIFIED via live API].
+  SWUV fluorescence mechanism confirmed by Vigier, Fritsch et al. 2023, Minerals 13(1):104
+  (DOI 10.3390/min13010104) [VERIFIED via live API]: colour from O2- to Ti4+ ligand-to-metal
+  charge transfer in TiO6 groups. Fluorescence characterisation by Zhang & Shen 2023
+  (DOI 10.3390/min13050626) [VERIFIED]. Dispersion 0.044 is equal to diamond; confirmed per
+  VERIFIED.md Conflict 8 (no conflict; both values accurate). RI 1.757-1.804 is above standard
+  refractometer range; SG measurable hydrostatically.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Benitoite (Tabular Crystal)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Benitoite (BaTiSi3O9)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (-6m2, ditrigonal dipyramidal)
+    #! Habit: Tabular to pyramidal triangular crystals; vivid blue
+    hexagonal[-6m2]:{10-10}@1.0 + {11-20}@0.6 + {10-11}@0.8
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Barium titanium cyclosilicate; hexagonal point group -6m2. Crystals characteristically
+    triangular in outline (not hexagonal). Vivid blue from O2- to Ti4+ charge transfer.
+    Intense SWUV fluorescence is the primary field diagnostic. Only facetable gem source:
+    San Benito County, California. Uniaxial positive; birefringence 0.047.
+  forms:
+  - dipyramid
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/bronzite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/bronzite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ec4f8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/bronzite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+id: bronzite
+name: Bronzite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6
+mineral_group: Pyroxene group (orthopyroxene)
+category: Inosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5-6
+sg: 3.20-3.50
+ri: 1.653-1.710
+birefringence: 0.008-0.011
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Sub-metallic (bronzite schiller); vitreous to sub-vitreous (enstatite)
+cleavage: Two {110} pyroxene cleavages at ~90° (good)
+fracture: Uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Bronze sub-metallic schiller from oriented iron-oxide exsolution lamellae (diagnostic for bronzite variety); cat's-eye variety (fibrous hollow tube inclusions); biaxial positive; SG 3.20-3.50"
+pleochroism: Weak trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Brownish-yellow
+pleochroism_color2: Pale brown
+pleochroism_notes: Weak trichroism in Fe-bearing material
+colors:
+- Brownish-green to bronze-coloured with metallic schiller (bronzite)
+- Pale grey to pale green, yellowish-brown (enstatite)
+- Grey-green (cat's-eye enstatite)
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- Sri Lanka (cat's-eye enstatite; Embilipitiya and alluvial areas)
+- India (Tamil Nadu; associated with corundum)
+- Myanmar (in gem gravels)
+inclusions:
+- Exsolution lamellae of iron oxides (produce bronzite schiller)
+- Cat's-eye: fibrous hollow tubes parallel to c-axis
+- Chromite and other ultramafic minerals
+notes: >
+  Enstatite (Mg2Si2O6) with significant Fe2+ substitution (bronzite ~10-30 mol% Fe as
+  ferrosilite end-member); formula (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6. Bronzite is an obsolete trade name — IMA
+  now uses enstatite with Fe content noted; bronzite persists in gem trade. Orthorhombic mmm
+  (orthoenstatite; stable low-temperature polymorph); clinoenstatite is monoclinic.
+  Cat's-eye enstatite from Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) confirmed by Zwaan 1996, Gems & Gemology
+  32(4):262-269 (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.4.262) [VERIFIED]: "Enstatite, Cordierite, Kornerupine,
+  and Scapolite with Unusual Properties from Embilipitiya, Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka gem island
+  overview: Zwaan 1982 (DOI 10.5741/gems.18.2.62) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Bronze schiller from exsolution
+  lamellae of iron oxide is the diagnostic feature for bronzite variety.
+expressions:
+- slug: bronzite
+  name: Bronzite (Schiller variety)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Bronzite (Fe-enstatite variety; orthopyroxene)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Massive; bronze schiller from exsolution lamellae
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.6[inclusion:exsolution_lamellae]
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Fe-bearing orthopyroxene (bronzite variety); orthorhombic mmm. Bronze sub-metallic schiller
+    from oriented iron-oxide exsolution lamellae is the characteristic visual feature.
+    Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) produces unusual cat's-eye enstatite variety.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - massive
+- slug: cats-eye-enstatite
+  name: Cat's-Eye Enstatite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Cat's-Eye Enstatite (orthopyroxene)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Fibrous hollow tube inclusions parallel to c-axis; chatoyancy
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {001}@0.4[inclusion:fibrous_tubes]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Chatoyant variety of enstatite; fibrous hollow tube inclusions parallel to c-axis produce
+    a sharp cat's-eye in cabochon cut. Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) is the primary source.
+    Distinguished from chrysoberyl cat's-eye by lower RI, SG, and biaxial positive optic sign.
+  forms:
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/chrome-diopside.yaml b/data/source/minerals/chrome-diopside.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..677ca18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/chrome-diopside.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+id: chrome-diopside
+name: Chrome Diopside
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: CaMg1-xCrxSi2O6
+mineral_group: Pyroxene group
+category: Inosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6.5
+sg: 3.22-3.38
+ri: 1.664-1.701
+birefringence: 0.024-0.031
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: 0.013-0.020
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Two perfect {110} pyroxene cleavages at ~90°
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Biaxial positive (distinguishes from emerald biaxial negative, chrome tourmaline uniaxial negative, tsavorite isotropic); moderate birefringence 0.024-0.031 (visible doubling in deeper stones); RI 1.664-1.701 (higher than emerald 1.565-1.602, much lower than tsavorite 1.734-1.759); Chelsea filter red (Cr3+ — same as emerald, NOT diagnostic for separation); Inagli deposit Yakutia as primary source"
+pleochroism: Weak to moderate trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Vivid green
+pleochroism_color2: Pale green
+pleochroism_notes: Three shades of green; less dramatic than tourmaline or alexandrite
+colors:
+- Vivid emerald-green to medium green
+treatments:
+- Generally not treated
+- Low-quality material may be fracture-filled (rare)
+localities:
+- Russia (Inagli deposit, Yakutia/Sakha Republic; also described as Sayan Mountains in trade; primary world source)
+- Finland (minor green diopside)
+- Pakistan (chromiferous diopside)
+- Myanmar (minor)
+- Canada (Ontario, Quebec; minor chrome diopside in kimberlites)
+inclusions:
+- Silicate and sulfate melt inclusions (from Inagli deposit)
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Occasional chromite crystals
+notes: >
+  Chromiferous variety of diopside (CaMgSi2O6); Cr3+ substitutes for Mg2+ in M1 site.
+  Colour from Cr3+ (same chromophore as ruby and emerald, but different field strength
+  producing green). Monoclinic 2/m. Note: this file is the chromiferous variety;
+  diopside.yaml is the general species entry. Use id: chrome-diopside to avoid collision.
+  Inagli deposit as primary source confirmed by Naumov, Kamenetsky et al. 2008, Geochemistry
+  International 46(6) (DOI 10.1134/s0016702908060025) [VERIFIED]: silicate and sulfate
+  melt inclusions in chrome diopside from Inagli, Yakutia. Gem localities confirmed by
+  Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Key separation from lookalikes: biaxial positive optic sign (emerald biaxial negative;
+  tsavorite isotropic; tourmaline uniaxial negative). RI 1.664-1.701 is intermediate.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Chrome Diopside
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Chrome Diopside (CaMgSi2O6:Cr)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+    #! Habit: Short prismatic; vivid green from Cr3+
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Chromiferous pyroxene; monoclinic 2/m. Vivid emerald-green from Cr3+ in M1 site.
+    Biaxial positive — key distinction from emerald (biaxial negative) and tsavorite (isotropic).
+    Two perfect pyroxene cleavages at ~90°; protect from impacts. Primary source: Inagli,
+    Yakutia, Russia.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/chrysocolla.yaml b/data/source/minerals/chrysocolla.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3fad0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/chrysocolla.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+id: chrysocolla
+name: Chrysocolla
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: (Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4.nH2O
+mineral_group: Phyllosilicate (layer silicate; amorphous to cryptocrystalline)
+category: Phyllosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 2.5-7
+sg: 1.93-2.65
+ri: 1.46-1.57
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: Isotropic (amorphous) to anomalous in cryptocrystalline
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Waxy to vitreous (gem silica vitreous; earthy in massive low-quality)
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Very low SG 1.93-2.40 (pure material; much lower than turquoise 2.60-2.90); waxy lustre; Cu2+ blue-green colour (idiochromatic); spot RI typically ~1.50 (vs turquoise ~1.61-1.65); stabilised and polymer-impregnated material common"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Blue-green (most common; Cu2+ idiochromatic)
+- Turquoise-blue
+- Cyan
+- Rarely pure blue or pure green
+treatments:
+- Stabilisation with resin (common for soft material)
+- Polymer impregnation
+localities:
+- Peru (Lily mine, Pisco region; gem silica — highest gem quality blue chalcedony with chrysocolla)
+- Arizona, USA (Globe-Miami district; gem silica and chrysocolla-malachite)
+- Chile (Atacama; copper deposits)
+- Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga; massive material)
+- Israel (Timna / Eilat stone; chrysocolla + turquoise + malachite mix)
+inclusions:
+- Massive; inclusions not relevant for identification
+- Gem silica: cryptocrystalline quartz mosaic with blue chrysocolla in interstices
+notes: >
+  Hydrous copper aluminium silicate; amorphous to cryptocrystalline. Crystal system set to
+  amorphous per database convention (same as opal). Structural and chemical characterisation
+  confirmed by Frost & Xi 2013, Vibrational Spectroscopy 63:33-38
+  (DOI 10.1016/j.vibspec.2012.10.001) [VERIFIED]: "Chrysocolla...is variably described as
+  amorphous or cryptocrystalline." Hardness extremely variable (2.5-7); gem silica
+  (quartz-impregnated variety) reaches 6-7. Cu2+ idiochromatic blue-green colour.
+  Gem silica = blue-green chalcedony with interstital chrysocolla; highest gem quality from
+  Peru. Acid-sensitive (dissolves in HCl). Water-sensitive (dehydration may cause cracking).
+  Constants (SG, RI) from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Chrysocolla
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Chrysocolla (hydrous copper aluminosilicate)
+    #! System: Amorphous (cryptocrystalline)
+    #! Habit: Massive botryoidal to earthy; blue-green
+    amorphous[waxy]:{botryoidal}
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Hydrous copper aluminium silicate; amorphous to cryptocrystalline. Vivid Cu2+ blue-green colour.
+    Massive habit; botryoidal surfaces. Very low SG (1.93-2.40) is primary physical diagnostic.
+    Gem silica variety is quartz-impregnated chrysocolla reaching hardness 6-7.
+  forms:
+  - botryoidal
+  - massive
+  - earthy
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/coral.yaml b/data/source/minerals/coral.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb73b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/coral.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+id: coral
+name: Coral
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: CaCO3 (calcareous; polycrystalline calcite + organic matrix); black coral = gorgonin protein
+mineral_group: Organic gem (biomineral)
+category: Organic gems
+origin: natural
+hardness: 3-4
+sg: 2.60-2.70
+ri: 1.486-1.658
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: AGG
+lustre: Waxy to sub-vitreous
+cleavage: None (polycrystalline aggregate)
+fracture: Uneven to splintery
+diagnostic_features: "Longitudinal growth striations (most diagnostic); effervescence in HCl (calcareous coral); SG 2.60-2.70; low RI on spot reading; wood-like organic microstructure under magnification"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Red (oxblood/rosso grade)
+- Orange-red
+- Pale pink (angel skin)
+- White
+- Black (black coral)
+treatments:
+- Dyeing and colour enhancement
+- Bleaching and re-dyeing
+- Resin impregnation
+localities:
+- Mediterranean Sea (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Italy - Torre del Greco)
+- Japan and Taiwan (Corallium japonicum and related species)
+- Hawaii (Pleurocorallium secundum)
+- Midway Atoll (deep-water gold coral)
+inclusions:
+- Growth tubes and structural voids
+- Organic matrix bands
+notes: >
+  Not an IMA mineral species; biomineral product of Corallium rubrum (Mediterranean) and related
+  colonial organisms. Calcareous skeleton composed of polycrystalline calcite + organic scleroprotein
+  matrix. CITES Appendix II (regulated trade). SG and RI per Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224);
+  species identification methods confirmed by Lendvay et al. 2020 (DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-64582-4)
+  and Vielzeuf et al. 2021 (DOI 10.15506/jog.2021.37.6.596).
+  IMA-approved: N/A (biological organism).
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Precious Coral (Calcareous)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Coral (Corallium rubrum)
+    #! System: Amorphous (biomineral aggregate)
+    #! Habit: Arborescent colonial growth; polycrystalline calcareous skeleton
+    amorphous[waxy]:{massive} | phenomenon[organic:coral]
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Colonial biomineral; arborescent (tree-like) skeleton of polycrystalline calcite with organic
+    scleroprotein matrix. Gem material is polished branch sections or cabochons. Not a single crystal;
+    CDL is an approximation for the amorphous biomineral aggregate.
+  forms:
+  - massive
+  - arborescent
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/goshenite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/goshenite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0814f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/goshenite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+id: goshenite
+name: Goshenite
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: 6/mmm
+chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18
+mineral_group: Beryl group
+category: Cyclosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7.5-8
+sg: 2.68-2.80
+ri: 1.564-1.600
+birefringence: 0.005-0.008
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.014
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Imperfect basal
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Colourless beryl; uniaxial negative; RI 1.564-1.600; SG 2.68-2.80; hardness 7.5-8; separates from colourless topaz (biaxial +; SG 3.50), colourless sapphire (uniaxial -; much higher SG 4.00), and phenakite (uniaxial +; lower SG 2.95)"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Colourless (pure; no chromophore)
+treatments:
+- Not routinely treated; occasionally irradiated to produce aquamarine or Maxixe-type colour
+localities:
+- Goshen, Massachusetts, USA (type locality)
+- Brazil (Minas Gerais; major source)
+- Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan)
+- Nigeria, Namibia
+- China
+inclusions:
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Growth tubes parallel to c-axis
+- Occasional negative crystals
+notes: >
+  Colourless variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18). Chemistry per VERIFIED.md conflict resolution
+  F-01: correct cyclosilicate formula Be3Al2Si6O18 (NOT Be3Al2(SiO3)6). Beryl formula
+  confirmed by Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) and Turner & Groat (ch. 5)
+  (DOI 10.3749/9780921294696.ch05) [VERIFIED]. Goshenite is the pure beryl end-member,
+  colourless due to absence of chromophores. Named after Goshen, Massachusetts.
+  May contain colourless beryl seed cores in synthetic emerald Lechleitner overgrowth production.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Goshenite (Colourless Beryl)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Goshenite (Beryl, colourless variety)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (6/mmm)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic hexagonal crystals; colourless
+    hexagonal[6/mmm]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.6
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Colourless variety of beryl; hexagonal prismatic habit with basal pinacoid terminations.
+    End-member beryl composition with no chromophore ions. Distinguished from other colourless
+    gems by uniaxial negative optic character and RI/SG range.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/hauyne.yaml b/data/source/minerals/hauyne.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..accf6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/hauyne.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+id: hauyne
+name: Hauyne
+crystal_system: cubic
+point_group: "-43m"
+chemistry: (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2
+mineral_group: Sodalite group (feldspathoids)
+category: Tectosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6
+sg: 2.40-2.50
+ri: 1.494-1.509
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous to greasy
+cleavage: Imperfect dodecahedral {110}
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Vivid violet-blue colour combined with very low SG 2.40-2.50 (lower than aquamarine); low RI 1.494-1.509; isotropic (no birefringence); orange or cream LWUV fluorescence (characteristic but not universal); dissolves in HCl (destructive test)"
+pleochroism: None (isotropic)
+colors:
+- Vivid violet-blue to cornflower blue (primary gem colour)
+- Rarely white, grey, green
+treatments:
+- None known; extremely rare gem
+localities:
+- Eifel district, Germany (primary gem-quality source; volcanic ejecta in leucitite tuffs, Laacher See region)
+- Vesuvius and Monte Somma, Italy (historically important; crystals in volcanic rocks)
+- Czech Republic, Bohemia (minor)
+- Lapis lazuli deposits (Afghanistan, Chile; hauyne as component mineral in some lapis — not gem-grade)
+inclusions:
+- Generally clean; occasional fluid inclusions
+notes: >
+  Sodium calcium aluminosilicate sulfate; cubic -43m; sodalite group member. Colour from
+  S3- (trisulfide radical anion) — the same chromophore as lazurite (lapis lazuli) and
+  ultramarine pigment. Confirmed by Farsang, Caracas et al. 2023, American Mineralogist
+  108:2234-2243 (DOI 10.2138/am-2022-8655) [VERIFIED via prior API session]: "S2- and S3-
+  radicals have been identified in hauyne by resonance Raman spectroscopy, confirming the
+  sulfide chromophore responsible for the blue colour." Sodalite-group structural context
+  confirmed by Chukanov et al. 2020, Minerals 10:363 (DOI 10.3390/min10040363) [VERIFIED].
+  Gemmological constants (SG, RI) from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224)
+  [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Very low SG 2.40-2.50 is the key physical separator from virtually
+  all other blue gems. A component of lapis lazuli (along with lazurite, sodalite, pyrite,
+  and calcite). Extremely rare as a faceted gem; primarily collector's gem.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Hauyne (Dodecahedral Crystal)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Hauyne (sodalite group)
+    #! System: Cubic (-43m)
+    #! Habit: Rounded dodecahedral to irregular; vivid violet-blue
+    cubic[-43m]:{110}@1.0 + {100}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Sodium calcium aluminium silicate sulfate; cubic -43m; sodalite group. Vivid violet-blue
+    from S3- radical anion chromophore (same as lazurite). Very low SG 2.40-2.50 is the key
+    physical diagnostic. Extremely small faceted stones; primarily a collector's gem.
+    Eifel district (Germany) is the primary gem-quality source.
+  forms:
+  - dodecahedron
+  - rhombdodecahedron
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/hematite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/hematite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a561e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/hematite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+id: hematite
+name: Hematite
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: Fe2O3
+mineral_group: Oxide group (corundum group; hematite-ilmenite series)
+category: Oxides
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6.5
+sg: 5.0-5.3
+ri: null
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: Opaque (metallic)
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Metallic (specularite); sub-metallic to dull (earthy)
+cleavage: None (parting in some directions)
+fracture: Conchoidal to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Red streak on unglazed porcelain tile (primary diagnostic despite metallic grey appearance); high SG 5.0-5.3; non-magnetic (contrast with hematine which IS magnetic); metallic mirror lustre; isostructural with corundum"
+pleochroism: None (opaque)
+colors:
+- Steel-grey to black (specularite/gem-quality)
+- Red to red-brown (earthy/powdered form always red)
+treatments:
+- Hematine (pressed simulant, strongly magnetic — not a treatment of hematite itself but a common trade confusion)
+localities:
+- Brazil (Minas Gerais; iron quadrangle; major specularite source)
+- Cumberland, England (Cleator Moor; historically significant)
+- Elba, Italy (historical source; type locality for fine crystals)
+- Lake Superior (USA/Canada; iron ore deposits)
+- Namibia, Morocco (commercial)
+inclusions:
+- Lamellar ilmenite intergrowths
+- Concentric internal growth banding (botryoidal kidney ore)
+notes: >
+  Fe2O3; trigonal -3m; isostructural with corundum (Al2O3). Red streak is diagnostic despite metallic
+  grey appearance. RI not measurable on refractometer (opaque). Non-magnetic — contrast with hematine
+  (pressed iron powder simulant, strongly attracted to neodymium magnet). Castroviejo (2023)
+  mineralogical reference (DOI 10.1007/978-3-031-12654-3_60) [VERIFIED] confirms crystal system,
+  chemistry, and oxide group classification. SG and hardness from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Gem material is the specular silvery variety
+  (specularite); kidney ore is botryoidal. Hematine (synthetic/pressed) is the common simulant —
+  detected by strong magnetism.
+expressions:
+- slug: specularite
+  name: Hematite (Specularite)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Hematite (Fe2O3)
+    #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+    #! Habit: Tabular to platy crystals; massive specularite
+    trigonal[-3m]:{0001}@1.0 + {10-10}@0.5
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Gem-quality hematite as specularite — massive compact material with mirror-like metallic lustre.
+    In crystal form: rhombohedral or tabular plates on {0001}; also botryoidal (kidney ore).
+    Red streak is the single most important diagnostic feature.
+  forms:
+  - tabular
+  - massive
+  - botryoidal
+- slug: kidney-ore
+  name: Hematite (Kidney Ore / Botryoidal)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Hematite - Kidney ore
+    #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+    #! Habit: Botryoidal reniform masses
+    trigonal[-3m]:{0001}@1.0 ~ radial[cluster] @compact
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: Botryoidal (kidney-shaped) reniform habit with concentric internal growth banding.
+  forms:
+  - botryoidal
+  - reniform
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/hydrogrossular.yaml b/data/source/minerals/hydrogrossular.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe04be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/hydrogrossular.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+id: hydrogrossular
+name: Hydrogrossular
+crystal_system: cubic
+point_group: m3m
+chemistry: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x
+mineral_group: Garnet group (grossular-hydrogrossular series)
+category: Nesosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6.5-7
+sg: 3.36-3.55
+ri: 1.710-1.730
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Waxy to sub-vitreous
+cleavage: None (garnet; granular aggregate)
+fracture: Splintery to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Isotropic (singly refractive on polariscope) — jadeite and nephrite are both anisotropic aggregates; SG 3.36-3.55 (heavier than jadeite 3.34, much heavier than nephrite 2.90-3.03); FTIR shows OH absorption bands diagnostic of hydrogarnet substitution; chromite inclusions in Cr-bearing Transvaal material"
+pleochroism: None (isotropic)
+colors:
+- Green (Cr3+ and/or V3+ chromophores; resembles jadeite)
+- Pink/mauve (Mn2+ substitution; Bushveld, South Africa)
+- White (pure; colourless)
+treatments:
+- May be dyed to enhance colour
+localities:
+- South Africa (Transvaal/Bushveld Complex; primary source of green and pink material)
+- Pakistan (Chagai district; white material)
+- New Zealand (minor)
+- USA, California (minor)
+inclusions:
+- Opaque black spots (chromite inclusions; common in Cr-bearing Transvaal material)
+- Granular interlocking texture under magnification (coarser and more rounded than jadeite fabric)
+notes: >
+  Grossular garnet with OH replacing SiO4 groups (hydrogarnet substitution):
+  Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x. Cubic m3m; IMA-approved compositional variety of grossular.
+  Trade names: "Transvaal jade," "South African jade," "African jade" — misleading;
+  not true jade. Separation from jadeite confirmed by Hobbs 1982, Gems & Gemology
+  18(1):3-19 (DOI 10.5741/gems.18.1.3) [VERIFIED]: isotropic (garnet) vs anisotropic
+  aggregate (jadeite/nephrite); SG difference. Chelsea filter: Cr-bearing hydrogrossular
+  shows red under CCF — same as Cr jadeite; NOT diagnostic for separation. RI ~1.71-1.73
+  (isotropic but cryptocrystalline aggregate gives imprecise readings); FTIR OH absorption
+  bands diagnostic for hydrogarnet substitution. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Hydrogrossular (Green; Transvaal Jade)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Hydrogrossular (grossular-hydrogarnet series)
+    #! System: Cubic (m3m)
+    #! Habit: Massive cryptocrystalline aggregate; green
+    cubic[m3m]:{110}@1.0 + {100}@0.5
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Grossular garnet with (OH) substituting SiO4; cubic m3m; massive granular aggregate.
+    Green colour from Cr3+/V3+; pink from Mn2+. Isotropic on polariscope (unlike jadeite or
+    nephrite). "Transvaal jade" trade name is misleading — not IMA jade species.
+    South Africa (Bushveld) is the primary gem source.
+  forms:
+  - massive
+  - granular
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/jet.yaml b/data/source/minerals/jet.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0224a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/jet.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+id: jet
+name: Jet
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Complex aromatic hydrocarbons (polycyclic aromatics + aliphatic components; compact lignite/bituminite); no fixed formula
+mineral_group: Organic gem (sedimentary carbonaceous mineraloid)
+category: Organic gems
+origin: natural
+hardness: 2.5-4
+sg: 1.19-1.35
+ri: 1.64-1.68
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: Isotropic to near-isotropic (AGG)
+lustre: Greasy to sub-vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal (glossy fracture)
+diagnostic_features: "Aromatic coal smell on hot-point test (primary diagnostic; distinguishes from French jet = no smell, vulcanite = sulfur smell); static electricity on rubbing (attracts tissue paper); SG 1.30-1.35 (very low); deformed wood-grain texture under microscope; RI ~1.66"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Intense black (only gem colour; occasionally very dark brown)
+treatments:
+- Carnauba wax/polish (surface)
+- Lacquer coating (occasional)
+localities:
+- Whitby, North Yorkshire, England (primary source; Jurassic age ~175 Ma; Victorian mourning jewellery)
+- Asturias, Spain (azabache; Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage jewellery)
+- Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam (SG 1.24 and RI 1.66 confirmed)
+- Turkey (Oltu, Erzurum; Oltu stone)
+- Siberia, Russia
+- USA (Utah, Colorado)
+inclusions:
+- Wood-cell texture (compressed vascular tissue; visible at high magnification)
+- Micro-cracks following wood grain
+- Rare plant cell fossils
+notes: >
+  Not an IMA mineral species; compact variety of lignite (sub-bituminous coal) derived from
+  fossilised Araucaria-family driftwood. IMA-approved: N/A. SG 1.24 and RI 1.66 confirmed
+  in Phu Quoc specimens by Le et al. 2022 (DOI 10.32508/stdj.v25i3.3968) [VERIFIED].
+  Wood-grain texture diagnostic: "deformed wood grain texture is visible under a microscope
+  (400x and 100x)" — Le et al. 2022. Hot-point aromatic smell and static electricity tests
+  from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Key lookalikes: French jet (glass; no smell, high SG ~2.4-3.5), vulcanite (rubber;
+  sulfur smell, SG ~1.15), bog oak (lighter, dark brown).
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Jet
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Jet (fossilised lignite)
+    #! System: Amorphous (organic mineraloid)
+    #! Habit: Massive compact carbonaceous material
+    amorphous[resinous]:{massive}
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Compact fossilised lignite; amorphous carbonaceous mineraloid with greasy to sub-vitreous lustre
+    and glossy conchoidal fracture. Wood-grain microstructure visible under magnification. Primary gem
+    material from Whitby, England (Jurassic). Diagnostic aromatic coal smell on hot-point test.
+  forms:
+  - massive
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/kornerupine.yaml b/data/source/minerals/kornerupine.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13c3e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/kornerupine.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+id: kornerupine
+name: Kornerupine
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: (Mg,Fe2+)4Al6(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH)
+mineral_group: Kornerupine group
+category: Boroaluminosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6.5-7
+sg: 3.27-3.45
+ri: 1.661-1.683
+birefringence: 0.010-0.013
+optical_character: Biaxial -
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Imperfect parallel to prism
+fracture: Conchoidal to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Strong trichroism (green/yellow/red-brown) — primary diagnostic; clearly visible in dichroscope; biaxial negative; SG 3.27-3.45; RI 1.661-1.683; cat's-eye variety from Sri Lanka and Tanzania"
+pleochroism: Strong trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Green
+pleochroism_color2: Yellow
+pleochroism_notes: Third direction red-brown; Sri Lanka material may show green/colourless/yellow-brown trichroism
+colors:
+- Green
+- Yellowish-green
+- Brown
+- Rarely colourless
+treatments:
+- None known in trade
+localities:
+- Sri Lanka (primary; alluvial gravels, Elahera, Ratnapura)
+- Madagascar (gem-quality transparent green)
+- Tanzania (gem material; cat's-eye variety)
+- Myanmar (Burma; minor)
+- Greenland (type locality; large crystals mostly opaque; named for geological explorer Kornerup)
+inclusions:
+- Cat's-eye material: dense parallel hollow tubes or fibrous inclusions
+- Liquid inclusions; growth planes
+- Occasional mineral inclusions
+notes: >
+  Mg-Al-Fe boroaluminosilicate; orthorhombic mmm; complex formula with IMA species kornerupine
+  (<=0.5 B per formula unit) and prismatine (>0.5 B; separate IMA species since 1997).
+  Optical constants and cat's-eye kornerupine from Sri Lanka confirmed by Zwaan 1996,
+  Gems & Gemology 32(4):262-269 (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.4.262) [VERIFIED].
+  Elahera gem field confirmed by Gunawardene & Rupasinghe 1986 (DOI 10.5741/gems.22.2.80)
+  [VERIFIED]. Gem localities by Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED].
+  Strong trichroism (green/yellow/red-brown) is the primary field diagnostic;
+  "immediately recognisable under the dichroscope." Colour cause: Fe2+ (green); Cr3+ in
+  intensely green stones. Cat's-eye variety: fibrous hollow tubes parallel to c-axis.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Kornerupine
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Kornerupine
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Elongated prismatic with strong trichroism
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.6 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Orthorhombic Mg-Al boroaluminosilicate; elongated prismatic habit. Strong trichroism
+    (green/yellow/red-brown) visible in dichroscope is the primary diagnostic. Sri Lanka and
+    Madagascar are the main gem sources. Biaxial negative.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
+- slug: cats-eye
+  name: Cat's-Eye Kornerupine
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Cat's-Eye Kornerupine
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Fibrous inclusions parallel to c-axis produce chatoyancy
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {001}@0.5[inclusion:fibrous_tubes]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: Chatoyant variety; fine fibrous hollow tube inclusions parallel to c-axis.
+  forms:
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/maw-sit-sit.yaml b/data/source/minerals/maw-sit-sit.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..389e709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/maw-sit-sit.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+id: maw-sit-sit
+name: Maw-Sit-Sit
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: Multi-mineral rock aggregate; dominant phases kosmochlor (NaCrSi2O6) + jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) + albite (NaAlSi3O8) + chromite (FeCr2O4)
+mineral_group: Jade group (multi-mineral pyroxene rock)
+category: Ornamental rocks
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6-7
+sg: 3.00-3.40
+ri: 1.52-1.68
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: AGG
+lustre: Waxy to vitreous
+cleavage: None (polycrystalline aggregate)
+fracture: Splintery to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Vivid emerald-green matrix with black to dark green spots or streaks (chromite inclusions); Chelsea filter strongly red (Cr3+); RI aggregate reading typically 1.52-1.68 (varies by phase); SG 3.00-3.40 (heavier than jadeite 3.34 average due to chromite); Myanmar (Kachin State) as only commercial source"
+pleochroism: None (aggregate)
+colors:
+- Vivid emerald-green to bright green (kosmochlor/jadeite matrix; Cr3+ chromophore)
+- With black to dark green spots and veins (chromite + kosmochlor-rich zones)
+treatments:
+- Generally not treated; waxing occasionally for surface stabilisation
+localities:
+- Myanmar (Kachin State, Tawmaw area; only commercial source)
+inclusions:
+- Chromite crystals (diagnostic black to dark green spots)
+- Albite-rich feldspar patches
+- Kosmochlor-jadeite intergrowths
+notes: >
+  Multi-mineral decorative rock; NOT a single IMA mineral species. Dominant mineralogy:
+  kosmochlor (NaCrSi2O6, a chromium pyroxene, monoclinic 2/m) + jadeite (NaAlSi2O6,
+  monoclinic 2/m) + albite + chromite. Crystal system assigned as monoclinic (dominant
+  pyroxene phase). First described by Gübelin 1965, Journal of Gemmology
+  (DOI 10.15506/jog.1965.9.10.329) [VERIFIED]. Mineralogical composition confirmed by
+  Harlow et al. 2000 (DOI 10.15506/jog.2000.27.2.87) [VERIFIED] and Ou Yang et al. 2025
+  (DOI 10.3390/cryst15110983) [VERIFIED].
+  CAUTION: This is a polycrystalline multi-mineral rock aggregate — RI, SG, and hardness
+  are composite values depending on the mix of phases. The Chelsea filter red reaction is
+  from Cr3+ in kosmochlor. Often confused with jadeite but the chromite spots and higher Cr
+  content distinguish it. Not a standard jade variety.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Maw-Sit-Sit
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Maw-Sit-Sit (kosmochlor-jadeite rock)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m; dominant pyroxene phase proxy)
+    #! Habit: Massive aggregate; vivid green with black chromite inclusions
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.5[inclusion:chromite]
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Polycrystalline multi-mineral rock (kosmochlor + jadeite + albite + chromite) from Kachin State,
+    Myanmar. Vivid emerald-green matrix with black to dark green chromite spots. CDL represents the
+    dominant monoclinic pyroxene (kosmochlor/jadeite) phase as proxy for the aggregate. Not an IMA
+    mineral species; included as gem material per FGA/Diploma curriculum coverage.
+  forms:
+  - massive
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/maxixe-beryl.yaml b/data/source/minerals/maxixe-beryl.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38582aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/maxixe-beryl.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+id: maxixe-beryl
+name: Maxixe-type Beryl
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: 6/mmm
+chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18
+mineral_group: Beryl group
+category: Cyclosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7.5-8
+sg: 2.68-2.76
+ri: 1.563-1.578
+birefringence: 0.005-0.008
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.014
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Imperfect basal
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Deep navy to inky blue much more saturated than aquamarine; strong dichroism deep blue/colourless (stronger than aquamarine blue-green/colourless); CRITICAL: colour FADES on prolonged light exposure (sunlight/UV) — aquamarine does NOT fade; absorption spectrum differs from aquamarine (CO3-related bands ~575, 610, 650-700 nm vs Fe2+ in aquamarine)"
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Deep blue (ordinary ray)
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless to pale blue (extraordinary ray)
+colors:
+- Deep navy to inky blue (much more saturated than aquamarine)
+treatments:
+- The colour itself IS a treatment in commercially sold Maxixe-type (artificial irradiation of colourless or pale beryl)
+- DISCLOSURE OBLIGATION: must be disclosed as irradiated colour that fades; failure is a trade ethics violation
+localities:
+- Brazil (Maxixe mine, Minas Gerais; type locality for naturally irradiated blue beryl; mostly exhausted)
+- Russia (Ural; possible occurrence per Andersson 2011)
+- Any beryl from any locality can produce Maxixe-type colour by artificial irradiation treatment
+inclusions:
+- Natural Maxixe beryl: natural fluid inclusions typical of Brazilian beryl
+- Irradiated Maxixe-type: inclusions of the host beryl
+notes: >
+  Irradiation-induced deep blue colour variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18). Chemistry per
+  VERIFIED.md conflict resolution F-01: correct cyclosilicate formula Be3Al2Si6O18
+  (NOT Be3Al2(SiO3)6). Colour centre: CO3^2- or NO3^- ions in beryl channels are
+  irradiated to create the colour centre. NOT caused by Fe2+ (as in aquamarine).
+  Confirmed by Adamo, Pavese et al. 2008, Gems & Gemology 44(3):214-226
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.44.3.214) [VERIFIED via live API]: primary modern reference
+  differentiating Maxixe-type from aquamarine and synthetic blue beryl. Also Andersson 2011,
+  Journal of Gemmology 32(5):145 (DOI 10.15506/jog.2011.32.5.145) [VERIFIED].
+  Colour centre mechanism: Fritsch & Rossman 1988 (DOI 10.5741/gems.24.1.3) [VERIFIED].
+  CRITICAL TRADE ISSUE: Maxixe-type colour FADES upon prolonged light exposure (UV/sunlight).
+  Aquamarine does NOT fade. This is the single most critical trade distinction.
+  UV lamp test (24-48 hours): Maxixe-type shows noticeable fading; aquamarine unchanged.
+  Disclosure as irradiated fading colour is mandatory. Store in dark; warn customer.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Maxixe-type Beryl (Irradiated Blue)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Maxixe-type Beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18; irradiated colour variety)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (6/mmm)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic hexagonal; deep navy-blue irradiation colour centre
+    hexagonal[6/mmm]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.6
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Deep navy-blue variety of beryl; colour from irradiation-induced CO3/NO3 colour centre.
+    Identical crystal habit to aquamarine/goshenite (hexagonal prismatic). Strong dichroism
+    (deep blue / colourless). Colour fades in light — critical disclosure obligation.
+    Maxixe mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil is the type natural locality.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/moldavite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/moldavite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fe6c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/moldavite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+id: moldavite
+name: Moldavite
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: SiO2-rich glass (>70 wt% SiO2) + Al2O3, MgO, FeO, CaO, K2O, Na2O (natural impact glass; composition variable)
+mineral_group: Tektites (impactites)
+category: Mineraloids
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5-5.5
+sg: 2.32-2.38
+ri: 1.480-1.510
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: Isotropic
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous to greasy
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Characteristic wrinkled/pitted/sculptured surface (aerodynamic ablation during atmospheric flight after Ries impact); schlieren (flow banding) under magnification; elongated gas bubbles; SG 2.32-2.38 (lower than obsidian 2.40-2.55); RI 1.480-1.510; bottle-green colour from Fe2+"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Bottle green to olive green (Fe2+ in glass)
+- Brownish-green
+- Rarely pale green
+treatments:
+- Minimal (cleaning and polishing)
+- Fakes: manufactured green glass and pressed pieces from chips — distinguished by sculptured surface (natural) vs uniform surface (fake)
+localities:
+- Czech Republic (south and west Bohemia, southern Moravia; primary strewn field)
+- Germany (Ries crater area, Bavaria; Nördlingen Ries bolide impact ~14.7 Ma)
+- Poland (rare re-deposited specimens)
+inclusions:
+- Lechatelierite (pure silica glass schlieren and tubes; diagnostic of high-temperature fusion)
+- Gas bubbles (round to elongated)
+- Occasional relict mineral grains (zircon, chromite) from target rocks
+notes: >
+  Natural tektite (impactite glass); NOT an IMA mineral species (tektites are not crystalline
+  minerals per IMA definition). Formed by Nördlingen Ries bolide impact, southeastern Germany,
+  ~14.7 Ma; strewn field in Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic.
+  Included in mineral-DB as gem material per FGA Foundation/Diploma curriculum coverage.
+  Per VERIFIED.md decision: ship as amorphous entry with clear notes that it is a non-IMA
+  species (same convention as opal which is also amorphous). IMA-approved: No.
+  Tektite strewn-field research: (DOI 10.3190/jgeosci.214) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Gem localities context: Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED].
+  SG 2.32-2.38 lower than obsidian (2.40-2.55); RI 1.480-1.510 from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+expressions:
+- slug: natural
+  name: Moldavite (Natural Tektite)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Moldavite (tektite glass; non-IMA)
+    #! System: Amorphous (impactite glass)
+    #! Habit: Irregular sculptured masses from aerodynamic ablation
+    amorphous[glassy]:{massive}
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Natural tektite glass from the Nördlingen Ries impact event (~14.7 Ma). Amorphous; isotropic.
+    Characteristic sculptured/pitted surface from aerodynamic ablation. Bottle-green colour from
+    Fe2+. NOT an IMA mineral species — included as gem material per FGA curriculum coverage.
+    Lechatelierite schlieren and gas bubbles are diagnostic internal features.
+  forms:
+  - massive
+  - irregular
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/musgravite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/musgravite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d4e081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/musgravite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+id: musgravite
+name: Musgravite
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: BeMg2Al6O12
+mineral_group: Taaffeite group (spinel supergroup)
+category: Oxides
+origin: natural
+hardness: 8-8.5
+sg: 3.61-3.68
+ri: 1.719-1.736
+birefringence: 0.004-0.012
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Doubly refractive (uniaxial negative) — separates from spinel (isotropic); slightly higher RI and SG than taaffeite (SG overlap exists); ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy give definitive separation from taaffeite by vibrational band positions. One of the rarest gem minerals."
+pleochroism: Weak
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Grey-green
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless to pale olive
+colors:
+- Grey-green
+- Olive green
+- Violet
+- Colourless (extremely rare)
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- Australia (Musgrave Ranges, South Australia; type locality; 1967 discovery)
+- Sri Lanka (several reported stones)
+- Madagascar
+- Tanzania
+- Greenland (minor)
+inclusions:
+- Generally very clean
+notes: >
+  BeMg2Al6O12; hexagonal, rhombohedral, point group -3m. IMA revised name:
+  magnesiotaaffeite-6N'3S per Armbruster 2002 (DOI 10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0389)
+  [VERIFIED via live API]. ATR-FTIR and Raman distinction from taaffeite confirmed by
+  Thongnopkun 2024 (DOI 10.1016/j.vibspec.2024.103733) [VERIFIED via live API]:
+  "ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy efficiently distinguish musgravite from taaffeite
+  using diagnostic vibrational band positions." Higher RI (1.719-1.736) and SG (3.61-3.68)
+  than taaffeite (RI 1.717-1.730, SG 3.60-3.62) but ranges overlap; FTIR/Raman is
+  definitive. Colour cause: Cr, Fe or V substitution (not firmly established for all colours;
+  per VERIFIED.md REJ-07, do not present as confirmed fact). Type locality: Musgrave Ranges,
+  South Australia; fewer than 10 faceted stones known before 2000.
+  Note: musgravite is a separate IMA species from taaffeite, not merely a variety.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Musgravite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Musgravite (magnesiotaaffeite-6N'3S)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (-3m; rhombohedral)
+    #! Habit: Alluvial rounded to subhedral grains
+    trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.5 + {10-11}@0.7
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    BeMg2Al6O12; hexagonal (trigonal rhombohedral). One of the rarest faceted gem minerals.
+    Birefringent (uniaxial negative); distinguishes from spinel (isotropic) on polariscope.
+    Separated from taaffeite by FTIR/Raman; slightly higher RI and SG but ranges overlap.
+    Type locality: Musgrave Ranges, South Australia (1967).
+  forms:
+  - rhombohedron
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/obsidian.yaml b/data/source/minerals/obsidian.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e593f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/obsidian.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+id: obsidian
+name: Obsidian
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: SiO2 (55-75 wt%) + Al2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O (rhyolitic volcanic glass; variable)
+mineral_group: Mineraloid / Natural glass
+category: Mineraloids
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5-5.5
+sg: 2.33-2.50
+ri: 1.48-1.51
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: Isotropic (ADR in stressed varieties)
+lustre: Vitreous to sub-vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal (sharp edges; most diagnostic macroscopic feature)
+diagnostic_features: "Conchoidal fracture (primary); flow banding under magnification; RI 1.48-1.51; SG 2.33-2.50 (lower than most gem minerals); isotropic under polariscope"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Black (magnetite crystallites)
+- Mahogany (red-brown hematite patches in black matrix)
+- Snowflake (cristobalite spherulites in black matrix)
+- Golden or silver sheen (oriented gas bubble layers)
+- Rainbow/fire (thin-film interference in layered glass)
+treatments:
+- Surface coatings (occasional; detected by acetone test)
+localities:
+- Mexico (Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan; rainbow and snowflake varieties)
+- USA (Glass Buttes Oregon; Obsidian Cliff Wyoming)
+- Armenia (Satanakar, Geghasar; major prehistoric trade source)
+- Iceland (Hekla volcano)
+- Italy (Lipari, Sardinia)
+- Ethiopia (Hareri region; East African Rift)
+- New Zealand (Mayor Island)
+inclusions:
+- Sub-microscopic magnetite/hematite crystallites
+- Cristobalite spherulites (snowflake obsidian)
+- Oriented gas bubble layers (sheen varieties)
+- Flow banding
+- Phenocryst fragments (sanidine, plagioclase, pyroxene)
+notes: >
+  Not an IMA mineral species; natural volcanic glass (mineraloid) formed by rapid solidification
+  of rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lava. IMA-approved: N/A. Flow banding and conchoidal fracture
+  confirmed by Zook (1973) Journal of Gemmology (DOI 10.15506/jog.1973.13.6.220) [VERIFIED].
+  Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia chapter (DOI 10.1002/0471743984.vse5189) [VERIFIED].
+  RI and SG from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Snowflake obsidian: cristobalite variety. Sheen: oriented gas bubble interference.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Obsidian
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Obsidian (volcanic glass)
+    #! System: Amorphous (mineraloid)
+    #! Habit: Massive with conchoidal fracture; flow structures
+    amorphous[glassy]:{massive}
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Natural volcanic glass; amorphous silicic mineraloid. Massive habit with diagnostic conchoidal
+    fracture and flow banding. Varieties include snowflake (cristobalite spherulites),
+    mahogany (hematite), sheen (gas bubbles), and rainbow (thin-film layering).
+  forms:
+  - massive
+- slug: snowflake
+  name: Snowflake Obsidian
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Snowflake Obsidian
+    #! System: Amorphous
+    #! Habit: Black glass matrix with white cristobalite spherulites
+    amorphous[glassy]:{massive}[inclusion:spherulitic]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: Black obsidian with white to grey cristobalite spherulite inclusions forming snowflake pattern.
+  forms:
+  - massive
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/scapolite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/scapolite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5baef94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/scapolite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+id: scapolite
+name: Scapolite
+crystal_system: tetragonal
+point_group: 4/m
+chemistry: (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24(Cl,CO3,SO4)
+mineral_group: Scapolite group (tectosilicates / feldspathoid-related)
+category: Tectosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6
+sg: 2.50-2.78
+ri: 1.536-1.600
+birefringence: 0.004-0.037
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Distinct prismatic in two directions {100} and {110}
+fracture: Conchoidal to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Uniaxial negative; strong LWUV fluorescence (yellow to orange in yellow stones; diagnostic — chrysoberyl cat's-eye does not fluoresce strongly); moderate birefringence; cat's-eye variety from Myanmar is celebrated; SG 2.50-2.78"
+pleochroism: Weak to moderate (uniaxial; dichroic; colourless/yellow in yellow stones; stronger in violet)
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Yellow to orange
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless to pale yellow
+colors:
+- Yellow (most common gem colour; colour centres)
+- Pink/lilac/violet (Tanzania)
+- Colourless (marialite-rich)
+- Cat's-eye (chatoyant; parallel hollow tubes)
+treatments:
+- Not routinely treated; some material reportedly irradiated to enhance colour
+localities:
+- Myanmar (Burma; fine cat's-eye scapolite)
+- Madagascar (Ihosy; yellow transparent)
+- Tanzania (pink and violet)
+- Sri Lanka (various including cat's-eye)
+- Brazil (colourless to yellow)
+- Kenya
+inclusions:
+- Cat's-eye: dense parallel hollow tubes/fibrous inclusions
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions; growth planes
+- Myanmar material: parallel needle inclusions
+notes: >
+  Na-Ca aluminosilicate solid solution series (marialite to meionite); tetragonal 4/m.
+  Yellow scapolite from Madagascar confirmed by Superchi et al. 2010, Gems & Gemology
+  46(4):274-279 (DOI 10.5741/gems.46.4.274) [VERIFIED]. Cat's-eye and unusual properties
+  from Sri Lanka confirmed by Zwaan 1996, Gems & Gemology 32(4):262-269
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.4.262) [VERIFIED]. Colour cause in yellow stones: colour centres
+  (F-centres; not transition metal ions) — Fritsch & Rossman 1988
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.24.1.3) [VERIFIED]. Strong LWUV fluorescence (yellow-orange) is a
+  key diagnostic. Two prismatic cleavage directions complicate faceting.
+expressions:
+- slug: prismatic
+  name: Scapolite (Prismatic)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Scapolite (Marialite-Meionite series)
+    #! System: Tetragonal (4/m)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic tetragonal crystals
+    tetragonal[4/m]:{110}@1.0 + {100}@0.6 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Tetragonal prismatic crystals; Na-Ca aluminosilicate solid-solution series (marialite–meionite).
+    Strong LWUV fluorescence in yellow material is diagnostic. Cat's-eye variety from Myanmar
+    (Burma) is most prized. Uniaxial negative optic character.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - dipyramid
+  - pinacoid
+- slug: cats-eye
+  name: Cat's-Eye Scapolite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Cat's-Eye Scapolite
+    #! System: Tetragonal (4/m)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic; fibrous inclusions produce chatoyancy in cabochon
+    tetragonal[4/m]:{110}@1.0 + {100}@0.6[inclusion:fibrous_tubes]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Chatoyant variety; dense parallel hollow tubes and/or fibrous inclusions produce a sharp
+    cat's-eye in cabochon cut. Burma (Myanmar) is the reference locality for gem-quality cat's-eye.
+  forms:
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/serpentine.yaml b/data/source/minerals/serpentine.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3e7247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/serpentine.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+id: serpentine
+name: Serpentine
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
+mineral_group: Serpentine group (phyllosilicates)
+category: Phyllosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 2.5-5
+sg: 2.44-2.62
+ri: 1.55-1.57
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: AGG
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Waxy to greasy
+cleavage: Perfect (single plane in antigorite); fracture conchoidal to uneven in massive material
+fracture: Conchoidal to uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Waxy lustre (most distinctive visual feature); low hardness H 2.5-5 (scratched by knife — critical separator from true jade); RI 1.55-1.57 (much lower than jadeite 1.66 or nephrite 1.62); low SG 2.44-2.62 (lighter than jadeite 3.34 or nephrite 2.90-3.10); chromite inclusions in williamsite"
+pleochroism: None
+colors:
+- Apple green to yellow-green (bowenite; Fe2+/Fe3+ chromophore)
+- Oil-green to chrome-green (williamsite; Cr3+ substituting Mg)
+- Grey-green to mottled green, white, pale bluish-green (various antigorite)
+- Veined/patterned (serpentinite rock with magnetite or chromite veining)
+treatments:
+- Wax/oil impregnation (common)
+- Dyeing (green colour enhancement)
+- Polymer stabilisation
+localities:
+- Rhode Island, USA (Smithfield; type locality for bowenite; named after George T. Bowen)
+- New Zealand (Maori pounamu; bowenite alongside nephrite)
+- Afghanistan (Kandahar; translucent apple-green bowenite)
+- Pennsylvania and Maryland, USA (williamsite; Chrome, Chester County)
+- Cornwall, England
+- Connemara, Ireland (Connemara marble; green serpentine marble)
+- Pakistan, India, China, Korea, South Africa
+inclusions:
+- Chromite grains (black to brown; diagnostic in bowenite/williamsite)
+- Magnetite granules
+- Antigorite plate-like crystal bundles
+- Talc patches
+- Chrysotile veinlets
+notes: >
+  Principal IMA-approved gem species is antigorite (monoclinic 2/m); lizardite is trigonal
+  (-3m) — both formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 with Mg:Fe and Cr substitution. Gem material is invariably
+  polycrystalline massive aggregate; crystal system given for the dominant antigorite (bowenite)
+  phase. Chrysotile (fibrous asbestiform variety) is NOT used as gem material.
+  Chemical formula and mineral group confirmed by Ross & Shannon 1962, USGS Professional Paper
+  384-A (DOI 10.3133/pp384a) [VERIFIED]. RI and SG from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224)
+  [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Serpentine as jade simulant ("New jade" trade name) documented by
+  Hobbs 1982, Gems & Gemology (DOI 10.5741/gems.18.1.3) [VERIFIED].
+  Trade name "New jade" is misleading; material is not jadeite or nephrite.
+expressions:
+- slug: bowenite
+  name: Bowenite (Gem Serpentine)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Serpentine (Antigorite/Bowenite variety)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+    #! Habit: Massive aggregate; waxy green
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{001}@1.0 + {100}@0.7
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Bowenite variety of antigorite; translucent apple-green massive aggregate with waxy lustre.
+    Polycrystalline — CDL represents the dominant antigorite phase. Used as jade simulant but
+    easily distinguished by low RI, SG, and hardness.
+  forms:
+  - massive
+- slug: williamsite
+  name: Williamsite (Chromian Serpentine)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Williamsite (Cr-bearing serpentine)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+    #! Habit: Massive aggregate; oil-green with chromite inclusions
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{001}@1.0 + {100}@0.5[inclusion:chromite]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Chromian variety of antigorite (williamsite); oil-green colour from Cr3+ substitution;
+    black chromite grain inclusions diagnostic. Pennsylvania, USA type locality.
+  forms:
+  - massive
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/sinhalite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/sinhalite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15e5c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/sinhalite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+id: sinhalite
+name: Sinhalite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: MgAlBO4
+mineral_group: Borates (olivine-structure type)
+category: Borates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6.5
+sg: 3.46-3.50
+ri: 1.668-1.707
+birefringence: 0.038
+optical_character: Biaxial -
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Imperfect
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Biaxial negative (peridot is biaxial positive — the key optic-sign diagnostic); higher SG 3.46-3.50 vs peridot 3.27-3.37; high birefringence 0.038; differentiated from peridot by optic sign, SG, and absorption spectrum differences (Fe2+ band profile differs)"
+pleochroism: Moderate
+pleochroism_strength: moderate
+pleochroism_color1: Brownish-green
+pleochroism_color2: Pale green to yellowish
+colors:
+- Pale yellow-brown
+- Brownish-green
+- Greenish-brown
+- Rarely yellowish
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- Sri Lanka (primary; alluvial gem gravels, Ratnapura district)
+- Myanmar (Burma; minor)
+- Tanzania (trace occurrences)
+inclusions:
+- Generally clean; fluid inclusions possible
+notes: >
+  MgAlBO4; orthorhombic mmm; olivine-structure type borate. Named from Sinhala (= Sri Lanka).
+  Formally described as a distinct mineral species in 1952; previously confused with brown peridot.
+  Key distinction from peridot: biaxial negative optic sign (peridot is biaxial positive); higher
+  SG 3.46-3.50 (peridot 3.27-3.37). Sri Lanka alluvial occurrence confirmed by Zwaan 1982,
+  Gems & Gemology 18(2):62-71 (DOI 10.5741/gems.18.2.62) [VERIFIED] and Shigley et al. 2000
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Sinhalite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Sinhalite (MgAlBO4)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic; olivine-structure type
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {021}@0.5
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Orthorhombic borate with olivine-type structure. Pale yellow-brown to brownish-green gem.
+    Biaxial negative (key distinction from biaxial positive peridot). Sri Lanka alluvials are the
+    primary source. High birefringence (0.038) produces visible doubling in deeper stones.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/star-diopside.yaml b/data/source/minerals/star-diopside.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f09a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/star-diopside.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+id: star-diopside
+name: Star Diopside
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: CaMgSi2O6
+mineral_group: Pyroxene group
+category: Inosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6
+sg: 3.27-3.38
+ri: 1.664-1.701
+birefringence: 0.024-0.031
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Sub-vitreous
+cleavage: Two perfect {110} pyroxene cleavages at ~90°
+fracture: Uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Four-rayed star (NOT six-rayed as in corundum) in reflected light; very dark to black body colour from dense magnetite needles; strongly magnetic (attracted to neodymium magnet — from magnetite inclusions; highly diagnostic); biaxial positive (unlike star garnet which is isotropic)"
+pleochroism: None (opaque to near-opaque)
+colors:
+- Black to very dark green body colour (dense magnetite needle inclusions)
+- White to grey four-rayed star in reflected light
+treatments:
+- None (natural star)
+localities:
+- India (primary and essentially exclusive commercial source; Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore/Karnataka area)
+inclusions:
+- Dense magnetite (Fe3O4) needle inclusions in two crystallographic directions perpendicular to c-axis and in the (100) plane
+- The two-direction magnetite arrangement (not three as in corundum) produces the four-rayed (not six-rayed) star
+notes: >
+  Black star diopside; variety of diopside (CaMgSi2O6) with dense magnetite (Fe3O4) needle
+  inclusions producing a four-rayed asterism in cabochon cut. Monoclinic 2/m (same crystal
+  system as chrome-diopside.yaml and main diopside.yaml entry). Note: this file is the star
+  variety; diopside.yaml is the general species entry. Use id: star-diopside to avoid collision.
+  Four-rayed star (not six-rayed) because monoclinic symmetry gives two sets of magnetite needle
+  orientations rather than three (as in hexagonal corundum). Strongly magnetic due to magnetite
+  inclusions — use neodymium magnet for rapid identification. India as primary source confirmed
+  by Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED]. Unusual properties of
+  diopside/enstatite from Sri Lanka confirmed by Zwaan 1996
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.4.262) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+expressions:
+- slug: star-cabochon
+  name: Star Diopside (Cabochon)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Star Diopside (CaMgSi2O6)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+    #! Habit: Massive; magnetite needles in two directions produce four-rayed star
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.5[inclusion:magnetite_needles]
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Black star diopside; monoclinic 2/m pyroxene. Asterism from magnetite needle inclusions in two
+    crystallographic directions — produces four-rayed star (not six-rayed as in corundum).
+    Very dark to black body colour. Strongly magnetic (neodymium magnet test is rapid diagnostic).
+    Almost exclusively from India (Tamil Nadu/Madhya Pradesh).
+  forms:
+  - massive
diff --git a/data/source/minerals/taaffeite.yaml b/data/source/minerals/taaffeite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de61457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/minerals/taaffeite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+id: taaffeite
+name: Taaffeite
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: BeMgAl4O8
+mineral_group: Taaffeite group (spinel supergroup)
+category: Oxides
+origin: natural
+hardness: 8-8.5
+sg: 3.60-3.62
+ri: 1.717-1.730
+birefringence: 0.004-0.009
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Doubly refractive (uniaxial negative) — primary diagnostic; immediately separates from spinel (singly refractive, isotropic on polariscope). SG 3.60-3.62 overlaps spinel (3.58-3.65) making SG alone insufficient for separation. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy are the modern definitive identification tools (distinguish from musgravite)."
+pleochroism: Weak (violet specimens may show slight dichroism colourless/pale violet)
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Pale violet
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless
+colors:
+- Mauve to pale violet (most common gem colour)
+- Pink
+- Red
+- Blue-green (rare)
+- Colourless (rare)
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- Sri Lanka (historic and primary; alluvial gem gravels, Ratnapura)
+- Myanmar (Burma/Mogok; small amounts)
+- Tanzania
+- China (very minor)
+inclusions:
+- Generally very clean; FTIR and Raman are the most reliable modern ID tools
+notes: >
+  BeMgAl4O8; hexagonal, rhombohedral subgroup, point group -3m. IMA revised name:
+  magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S per Armbruster 2002 (DOI 10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0389)
+  [VERIFIED via live API]. Gemmological constants and analytical identification confirmed by
+  Thongnopkun 2024 (DOI 10.1016/j.vibspec.2024.103733) [VERIFIED via live API].
+  CRITICAL DIAGNOSTIC NOTE (per VERIFIED.md Conflict 7 + flag F-05): Doubly refractive
+  (uniaxial negative) — this is the primary and immediate separation from spinel (isotropic).
+  SG 3.60-3.62 overlaps spinel (3.58-3.65); SG alone is NOT sufficient for separation.
+  RI 1.717-1.730 also overlaps with some spinel specimens. The polariscope (DR test) is the
+  definitive field separation. ATR-FTIR and Raman distinguish taaffeite from musgravite
+  (magnesiotaaffeite-6N'3S) by vibrational band positions. Musgravite: higher SG ~3.61-3.68,
+  higher RI ~1.723-1.736; see separate musgravite.yaml entry. Historical note: Edward Taaffe
+  purchased the original stone in a Dublin gem dealer's parcel in 1945, believing it spinel;
+  the double refraction was noticed and confirmed as a new species in 1951.
+  Gem localities confirmed by Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED].
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Taaffeite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Taaffeite (magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (-3m; rhombohedral)
+    #! Habit: Rounded to subhedral from alluvial reworking
+    trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.5 + {10-11}@0.7
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    One of the rarest gem minerals; BeMgAl4O8; hexagonal (trigonal rhombohedral symmetry).
+    Birefringent (uniaxial negative) unlike isotropic spinel — polariscope DR test is the
+    primary separation. Most gem material is alluvially reworked (Sri Lanka, Myanmar).
+    FTIR/Raman required to distinguish from musgravite (magnesiotaaffeite-6N'3S).
+  forms:
+  - rhombohedron
+  - prism
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/ambroid.yaml b/data/source/simulants/ambroid.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c21397a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/ambroid.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+id: ambroid
+name: Ambroid (Pressed Amber)
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Compressed and fused amber chips (same chemical composition as amber — fossil resin; succinite for Baltic amber)
+category: amber simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["amber"]'
+year_first_produced: "1880"
+hardness: "2-2.5"
+sg: "1.05-1.09"
+ri: "1.530-1.545"
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+lustre: Resinous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Yellow, Orange-yellow, Orange; may show streaky swirling colour distribution from compression]
+inclusions: [Elongated bubbles (from pressing process; diagnostic); streaky flow-lines; angular fragments of original amber chips visible under magnification at junction zones]
+fluorescence: Blue-white (LWUV; similar to amber)
+notes: >
+  Ambroid is a simulant produced by compressing/fusing small amber chips and fragments under
+  heat and pressure (autoclave compression); also called "reconstituted amber" or "pressed amber."
+  Same chemistry as amber; FTIR spectrum matches amber (Baltic succinite shoulder ~1150 cm-1
+  present). Main diagnostic: elongated/flattened bubbles from pressing process (natural amber
+  has round spherical bubbles); streaky colour zones at chip boundaries visible under microscope;
+  angular junction planes between compressed fragments. Float test identical to amber (SG
+  1.05-1.09). RI identical to amber (1.530-1.545). Acetone test: ambroid resists acetone
+  (like amber; fully polymerised) — distinguishes from copal. Gemmological knowledge from
+  Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Introduced commercially
+  c.1880s when amber scrap from cutting was compressed to make larger pieces.
+  Note: ambroid is NOT an imitation of a different material — it IS amber (same composition)
+  but reconstituted; the "simulant" classification reflects its commercial deception as
+  "natural unmodified amber." Target: natural amber.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Elongated flattened bubbles (vs spherical in natural amber — most diagnostic under microscope);
+  streaky colour zones at chip boundaries; angular junction planes between compressed fragments;
+  FTIR: same as amber (not distinguishable by FTIR alone); float/acetone tests same as amber
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Ambroid (Pressed Amber)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Ambroid (reconstituted/pressed amber)
+      #! System: Amorphous (fossil resin)
+      #! Habit: Massive; streaky colour zones from compression
+      amorphous[resinous]:{massive}
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Compressed and fused amber chips; amorphous fossil resin. Same chemistry as amber; FTIR
+      cannot distinguish. Elongated flattened bubbles and angular chip-boundary zones visible
+      under magnification are diagnostic. Resists acetone (unlike copal).
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/bone.yaml b/data/source/simulants/bone.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..608f7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/bone.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+id: bone
+name: Bone (Ivory Simulant)
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (hydroxyapatite; same general composition as ivory dentine) in collagen matrix; technically microcrystalline hydroxyapatite but gemologically treated as amorphous/aggregate biomineral
+category: ivory simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["ivory"]'
+year_first_produced: "0"
+hardness: "2-3"
+sg: "1.70-2.00"
+ri: "1.54-1.57"
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: AGG
+lustre: Waxy to dull
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal to splintery
+colors: [White to cream-white; yellowing with age from collagen degradation; may be bleached]
+inclusions: [Haversian canals (osteon structure; parallel pore-like dots in cross-section; diagnostic of bone; ABSENT in ivory); absent Schreger lines (ivory has them; bone does not)]
+fluorescence: White-blue (LWUV; similar to ivory; not diagnostic for separation)
+notes: >
+  Skeletal bone from domestic animals (cattle, pigs, horses); carved, bleached and polished
+  as ivory simulant. Crystal system set to amorphous (same convention as other organic/
+  biomineral entries). Note: technically hydroxyapatite is hexagonal, but bone as a whole is
+  a composite biomineral (amorphous collagen + microcrystalline apatite) — gemologically
+  treated as amorphous aggregate. Primary separation from ivory confirmed by Jha et al. 2017,
+  Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22(1):17745
+  (DOI 10.3126/jist.v22i1.17745) [VERIFIED]: "The presence of Schreger line is the
+  identifying feature of an elephant tusk" — Schreger lines ABSENT in bone; Haversian
+  canals ABSENT in ivory. These are the definitive microscopical diagnostics.
+  SG 1.70-2.00 is lower than ivory (1.85-1.95; slight overlap). Hot-point: both give
+  "burnt bone" smell (not diagnostic for separating bone from ivory; but distinguishes
+  from plastic and vegetable ivory). CITES context: unlike elephant ivory, bone from
+  domestic animals has no trade restriction — but fraudulent substitution is an issue.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Haversian canals (osteon/concentric ring microstructure around central channel; visible
+  at 10x-40x) PRESENT in bone; ABSENT in ivory; absence of Schreger lines in bone (ivory
+  has characteristic cross-hatch arcs at 100-130 degrees in cross-section); SG 1.70-2.00
+  (slightly lower than ivory 1.85-1.95)
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Bone (carved; ivory simulant)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Bone (biomineral; ivory simulant)
+      #! System: Amorphous (composite biomineral: apatite + collagen)
+      #! Habit: Massive; carved and polished
+      amorphous[waxy]:{massive}
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Domestic animal skeletal bone; composite biomineral (hydroxyapatite + collagen matrix).
+      Haversian canal microstructure (osteon system) visible under 10x-40x is the definitive
+      diagnostic distinguishing bone from ivory (which shows Schreger lines, not Haversian canals).
+      Included as gem material per FGA curriculum coverage of organic simulants.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/copal.yaml b/data/source/simulants/copal.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63be911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/copal.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+id: copal
+name: Copal (Amber Simulant)
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Partially polymerised plant resin (labdanoid diterpenes; younger resin; not fully matured/polymerised)
+category: amber simulant (natural material)
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["amber"]'
+year_first_produced: "0"
+hardness: "1.5-2.5"
+sg: "1.04-1.10"
+ri: "1.530-1.545"
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+lustre: Resinous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Yellow to yellow-orange (similar to amber); pale yellow; transparent to translucent]
+inclusions: [Modern insects (fresh appearance, not desiccated; diagnostic of recent origin); plant matter (less degraded than amber inclusions)]
+fluorescence: Often intense (LWUV; typically brighter than amber, but variable)
+notes: >
+  Partially polymerised plant resin (<40 Ma; often Holocene to Neogene); not fully matured.
+  Key distinction from amber: acetone test — copal becomes tacky/sticky within seconds;
+  amber (fully polymerised) is unaffected. FTIR: lacks the "Baltic shoulder" at ~1150 cm-1
+  characteristic of mature succinite amber. Rao et al. 2013, Science China Physics,
+  Mechanics & Astronomy (DOI 10.1007/s11433-013-5144-z) [VERIFIED]: amber vs copal by
+  UV-VIS, infrared and Raman spectroscopy — acetone test and FTIR spectral fingerprint
+  confirmed as diagnostic. Commercial sources: Colombia, Madagascar, East Africa, New Zealand.
+  RI essentially identical to amber (1.530-1.545); SG overlaps amber (1.05-1.10);
+  refractometer and float tests cannot reliably distinguish — acetone and FTIR are required.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Acetone test: surface becomes tacky/sticky in seconds (amber unaffected — definitive field
+  test); softens at lower temperature (~100-150 C vs amber ~200-250 C); FTIR lacks Baltic
+  amber "shoulder" ~1150 cm-1; inclusions appear fresh/undesiccated; surface crazing develops
+  faster; fluorescence often more intense than amber
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Copal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Copal (partially polymerised plant resin; amber simulant)
+      #! System: Amorphous (natural resin)
+      #! Habit: Irregular nodular masses; resinous
+      amorphous[resinous]:{nodular}
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Partially polymerised plant resin; amorphous. Similar to amber in appearance but younger and
+      less polymerised. Acetone test (copal tacky; amber unaffected) is the definitive field test.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/dyed-howlite.yaml b/data/source/simulants/dyed-howlite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e161f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/dyed-howlite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+id: dyed-howlite
+name: Dyed Howlite (Turquoise Simulant)
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5 (calcium borosilicate hydroxide; dyed blue to simulate turquoise)
+category: turquoise simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["turquoise"]'
+year_first_produced: "1960"
+hardness: "3-3.5"
+sg: "2.53-2.59"
+ri: "1.583-1.608"
+birefringence: 0.022
+optical_character: Biaxial -
+lustre: Sub-vitreous to waxy
+cleavage: None (but howlite is porous)
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Blue to blue-green (dyed); also sold undyed as white howlite]
+inclusions: [Dye bleeding at fractures and vugs (diagnostic under loupe)]
+fluorescence: Variable
+notes: >
+  Howlite (Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5) is a natural calcium borosilicate hydroxide mineral; monoclinic 2/m.
+  When dyed blue it closely resembles turquoise. The dye is the simulant aspect.
+  Webster 1962, Journal of Gemmology 8(8):286 (DOI 10.15506/jog.1962.8.8.286) [VERIFIED]:
+  "A New Turquoise Simulant" — first documented dyed howlite as turquoise simulant.
+  Key diagnostics: (1) dye bleeding at fractures/vugs (visible under 10x loupe — natural
+  turquoise shows even colour); (2) hardness 3-3.5 (scratched by copper coin; turquoise H 5-6);
+  (3) acetone swab removes blue dye (natural turquoise colour is intrinsic); (4) FTIR shows
+  borosilicate spectrum (vs phosphate spectrum of turquoise); (5) birefringence 0.022 on flat
+  face (turquoise birefringence too small to observe). Also marketed as "white buffalo turquoise"
+  (undyed) or simply "turquoise" (when dyed). Primarily from California, USA and Canada.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Dye bleeding at fractures and vugs under 10x loupe; hardness 3-3.5 (scratched by copper coin
+  vs turquoise H 5-6); acetone swab removes blue dye; FTIR borosilicate spectrum vs turquoise
+  phosphate; Chelsea filter reaction differs from natural turquoise; birefringence 0.022 measurable
+expressions:
+  - slug: dyed
+    name: Dyed Howlite (Blue)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Dyed Howlite (Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5; turquoise simulant)
+      #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+      #! Habit: Massive; porous; dye concentrates at fractures
+      monoclinic[2/m]:{010}@1.0 + {110}@0.5
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Howlite (calcium borosilicate hydroxide; monoclinic 2/m) dyed blue to simulate turquoise.
+      Porous structure causes dye to concentrate at fractures and vugs (visible under loupe).
+      Much softer than turquoise (H 3-3.5 vs 5-6). Borosilicate FTIR spectrum vs turquoise
+      phosphate spectrum is definitive analytical distinction.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/dyed-magnesite.yaml b/data/source/simulants/dyed-magnesite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149b56d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/dyed-magnesite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+id: dyed-magnesite
+name: Dyed Magnesite (Turquoise Simulant)
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: MgCO3 (magnesite; magnesium carbonate; dyed blue)
+category: turquoise simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["turquoise"]'
+year_first_produced: "1980"
+hardness: "3.5-4.5"
+sg: "2.98-3.05"
+ri: "1.509-1.700"
+birefringence: 0.191
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+lustre: Vitreous to pearly
+cleavage: Perfect rhombohedral {1011}
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Blue to blue-green (dyed); white when undyed]
+inclusions: [Dye bleeding at fractures and vugs]
+fluorescence: Variable
+notes: >
+  Natural magnesite (MgCO3) dyed blue to simulate turquoise; trigonal -3m (calcite structure
+  type). Produced primarily in China and Eastern Europe. No dedicated peer-reviewed DOI
+  resolved for dyed magnesite specifically; curriculum-standard simulant knowledge from
+  Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Key diagnostic features:
+  (1) high birefringence 0.191 (vs turquoise which shows very low birefringence); refractometer
+  shows double shadow edge or two RI values (e~1.509, w~1.700) if flat face available;
+  (2) effervescence with warm dilute HCl (MgCO3 is a carbonate; turquoise phosphate does not
+  effervesce) — destructive but definitive; (3) dye bleeding at fractures; (4) acetone swab
+  removes dye; (5) FTIR carbonate spectrum (~1400 cm-1 strong CO3 absorption vs phosphate of
+  turquoise); (6) SG ~3.00 HEAVIER than turquoise 2.60-2.90 (opposite direction vs howlite).
+  Note: SG relationship is reversed from dyed howlite — magnesite sinks where turquoise and
+  howlite float in similar heavy liquids.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Very high birefringence 0.191 (double shadow on refractometer; unique identifier); effervescence
+  in warm dilute HCl (carbonate vs phosphate turquoise); SG ~3.00 heavier than turquoise 2.60-2.90;
+  dye bleeding at fractures; acetone removes dye; FTIR carbonate absorption ~1400 cm-1
+expressions:
+  - slug: dyed
+    name: Dyed Magnesite (Blue)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Dyed Magnesite (MgCO3; turquoise simulant)
+      #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+      #! Habit: Massive granular; dyed blue
+      trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.4
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Magnesite (MgCO3; trigonal -3m; calcite-type structure) dyed blue to simulate turquoise.
+      Very high birefringence (0.191) is the most diagnostic refractometer feature.
+      Heavier than turquoise (SG ~3.00 vs 2.60-2.90). Effervesces in HCl (carbonate test).
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/french-jet.yaml b/data/source/simulants/french-jet.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dd9131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/french-jet.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+id: french-jet
+name: French Jet (Black Glass)
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Soda-lime or lead glass; coloured black with iron oxide, manganese oxide, or carbon black; may be lead-rich for higher density and lustre
+category: jet simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["jet"]'
+year_first_produced: "1800"
+hardness: "5-5.5"
+sg: "2.40-3.50"
+ri: "1.48-1.70"
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+lustre: Vitreous to brilliant
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Uniform black (no brown tinge unlike vulcanite)]
+inclusions: [Possible gas bubbles; conchoidal fracture on broken edges]
+fluorescence: Variable
+notes: >
+  Black glass jet simulant; popular 1840s-1900s for Victorian mourning jewellery.
+  "French jet" is primarily Bohemian and French glass industry production, not only French.
+  Key diagnostic: high SG 2.40-3.50 (jet = 1.30-1.35; French jet sinks rapidly in liquids
+  that float jet). Cold to touch (glass has high thermal conductivity). Conchoidal fracture
+  on broken edges. No smell on hot-point (vs jet = aromatic coal; vulcanite = sulfur/rubber).
+  Harder than jet (H 5-5.5 vs jet 2.5-4). Dictionary of Gems and Gemology (Springer)
+  (DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_8882) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED — catalogue record only].
+  Read 7th ed. p.330 (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  VERIFIED.md status [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED] per S-014. Included as curriculum-standard simulant.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  High SG 2.40-3.50 vs jet 1.30-1.35 (definitive hydrostatic test); cold to touch (glass
+  thermal conductivity); conchoidal fracture; no smell on hot-point; harder than jet;
+  possible gas bubbles under magnification; no organic microstructure (jet shows wood-grain)
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: French Jet (Black Glass)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: French Jet (black glass; jet simulant)
+      #! System: Amorphous (glass)
+      #! Habit: Moulded/faceted black glass
+      amorphous[glassy]:{massive}
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Black glass (soda-lime or lead glass coloured with iron oxide, manganese, or carbon black).
+      Amorphous; isotropic. Very high SG (2.40-3.50) vs jet (1.30-1.35) is the primary diagnostic.
+      Cold to touch; conchoidal fracture; no hot-point smell. Victorian mourning jewellery simulant.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/reconstructed-turquoise.yaml b/data/source/simulants/reconstructed-turquoise.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bc7633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/reconstructed-turquoise.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+id: reconstructed-turquoise
+name: Reconstructed Turquoise
+crystal_system: triclinic
+point_group: "-1"
+chemistry: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.4H2O (turquoise powder bound with PMMA acrylic or other resin binder)
+category: turquoise simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["turquoise"]'
+year_first_produced: "1970"
+hardness: "4-5.5"
+sg: "2.30-2.60"
+ri: "1.61-1.65"
+birefringence: null
+optical_character: AGG
+lustre: Waxy to sub-vitreous
+cleavage: None (aggregate)
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Blue to blue-green (same turquoise colour range); may appear more uniform in colour than natural]
+inclusions: [Matrix-like structure may appear uniform; polymer binder visible by FTIR]
+fluorescence: Variable
+notes: >
+  Reconstructed turquoise (also "reconstituted turquoise") is made from genuine turquoise
+  powder or low-quality turquoise material bound with a polymeric binder (commonly PMMA
+  acrylic). Chemistry given for the turquoise component (triclinic -1); the reconstruction
+  is the simulant aspect. Crystal system is triclinic (same as turquoise) but the material
+  is a composite powder + binder aggregate. Blumentritt et al. 2023, Journal of Gemmology
+  38(5):443 (DOI 10.15506/jog.2023.38.5.443) [VERIFIED]: "A New Reconstructed Turquoise
+  Imitation Composed of Turquoise Powder with a PMMA (Acrylic) Binder" — documents
+  identification by FTIR (acrylic C-H bands distinct from natural turquoise). SG typically
+  lower than natural turquoise 2.60-2.90 (due to porous binder fill). FTIR is the primary
+  analytical tool: acrylic C-H stretching bands around 2950-3000 cm-1 are absent in natural
+  turquoise. Webster 1962 (DOI 10.15506/jog.1962.8.8.286) [VERIFIED] covers turquoise
+  simulants broadly. Property values (SG, RI) vary depending on binder fraction.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  FTIR: acrylic/PMMA C-H stretching bands ~2950-3000 cm-1 (absent in natural turquoise);
+  SG typically 2.30-2.60 (lower than natural turquoise 2.60-2.90 due to porous binder);
+  overly uniform colour distribution under magnification (vs natural colour distribution);
+  hot-point test: acrylic smell from binder
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Reconstructed Turquoise
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Reconstructed Turquoise (turquoise powder + PMMA binder)
+      #! System: Triclinic (-1; turquoise mineral phase)
+      #! Habit: Massive aggregate (powder + polymer binder)
+      triclinic[-1]:{010}@1.0 + {100}@0.6
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Genuine turquoise powder bound with acrylic (PMMA) or other polymeric binder to form
+      a more homogeneous and workable material. Triclinic crystal system reflects the turquoise
+      mineral phase. FTIR detection of acrylic binder is the primary analytical method.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/slocum-stone.yaml b/data/source/simulants/slocum-stone.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0178501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/slocum-stone.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+id: slocum-stone
+name: Slocum Stone
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Borosilicate glass with internal laminated metallic interference layers
+category: opal simulant (glass-based)
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["opal", "precious-opal"]'
+manufacturer: John Slocum (USA); later Kyocera/Inamori produced similar imitation opal products
+year_first_produced: "1974"
+hardness: "5-5.5"
+sg: "2.40-2.50"
+ri: "1.48-1.52"
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+colors: [Colourless with metallic iridescent colour play (interference colours from metallic lamellae)]
+inclusions: [Flat lath-like metallic laminae (critical; visible at 30-60x)]
+fluorescence: None (glass; no OH absorption)
+notes: >
+  Borosilicate glass with deposited thin metallic film laminations internally; proprietary
+  process. Directly API-verified: Farn 1979, Journal of Gemmology 16(5):295
+  (DOI 10.15506/jog.1979.16.5.295) [VERIFIED]: "Imitation Opal — Slocum Stone" — metallic
+  lath/scaly appearance documented explicitly. Key diagnostic suite versus opal: (1) scaly
+  metallic laminae visible at 30-60x (vs mosaic patchwork of sphere stacks in natural opal
+  and Gilson synthetic opal); (2) high SG 2.40-2.50 vs natural opal 2.00-2.20 and Gilson
+  ~2.07 — hydrostatic SG measurement is immediately diagnostic; (3) no OH/water absorption
+  in FTIR (natural opal is hydrous 5-10% H2O; Slocum has none); (4) conchoidal fracture on
+  edges (glass substrate). Note on manufacturer: Slocum original patent 1974; Kyocera/Inamori
+  produced similar products. Target: precious opal (play-of-colour).
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Lath-like scaly metallic laminae visible at 30-60x magnification (vs mosaic sphere-stack
+  domains in natural and Gilson opal); high SG 2.40-2.50 (floats opal; sinks in di-iodomethane);
+  no FTIR OH absorption; glass substrate conchoidal fracture; no hot-point odour; isotropic
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Slocum Stone (Imitation Opal)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Slocum Stone (borosilicate glass opal simulant)
+      #! System: Amorphous (glass)
+      #! Habit: Massive glass with internal metallic interference lamellae
+      amorphous[glassy]:{massive} | phenomenon[play_of_color:metallic_lamellae]
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Borosilicate glass with internal metallic film laminations producing iridescent colour play
+      mimicking precious opal. Metallic lath/scaly appearance under microscope is definitive.
+      High SG 2.40-2.50 immediately distinguishes from all opals.
diff --git a/data/source/simulants/vulcanite.yaml b/data/source/simulants/vulcanite.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0074517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/simulants/vulcanite.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+id: vulcanite
+name: Vulcanite (Jet Simulant)
+crystal_system: amorphous
+point_group: none
+chemistry: Sulfur-vulcanised natural rubber (polyisoprene cross-linked by S-S bonds; ~30-35% sulfur content in hard vulcanite/ebonite)
+category: jet simulant
+origin: simulant
+target_minerals_json: '["jet"]'
+manufacturer: Multiple 19th-early 20th century manufacturers (Victorian era jewellery production)
+year_first_produced: "1843"
+hardness: "2.5-3.5"
+sg: "1.10-1.20"
+ri: "1.66"
+birefringence: 0
+optical_character: Isotropic
+lustre: Brilliant to waxy
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Uneven
+colors: [Black (body colour); brown surface tinge developing with age from sulfur oxidation]
+inclusions: [Mould seams visible at edges (Victorian moulded pieces)]
+fluorescence: Inert
+notes: >
+  Vulcanisation process (rubber + sulfur heated under pressure) invented by Goodyear/Hancock
+  1843; jewellery use 1850s-1920s for Victorian mourning jewellery as jet simulant.
+  Diagnostic: sulfurous/rubber smell on hot-point test (acrid; vs jet which gives aromatic
+  coal smell). Brown surface tinge from sulfur oxidation in old pieces (true jet stays black).
+  SG 1.10-1.20 lower than jet 1.30-1.35. RI ~1.66 (similar to jet; not diagnostic for
+  separation). Read 7th ed. pp.329-330 (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  VERIFIED.md status [UNVERIFIED] for dedicated peer-reviewed paper — classified per S-013.
+  Included as curriculum-standard simulant (gemmological teaching content).
+  Key three-way separation: jet = aromatic coal smell + SG 1.30-1.35; vulcanite = sulfur/
+  rubber smell + SG 1.10-1.20 + brown tinge; French jet = no smell + cold feel + SG 2.40-3.50.
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Sulfur/rubber smell on hot-point test (definitive vs jet coal smell); brown surface tinge
+  from oxidised sulfur (absent in jet and French jet); SG 1.10-1.20 (lower than jet 1.30-1.35);
+  warm to touch (low thermal conductivity); mould seams visible on Victorian pieces;
+  may brown with UV exposure
+expressions:
+  - slug: default
+    name: Vulcanite (Hardened Rubber)
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Vulcanite (vulcanised rubber; jet simulant)
+      #! System: Amorphous (polymer)
+      #! Habit: Moulded masses; black with brown oxidation tinge
+      amorphous[resinous]:{massive}
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Sulfur-vulcanised natural rubber (ebonite); amorphous polymer. Victorian mourning jewellery
+      simulant for jet. Sulfurous rubber smell on hot-point is the definitive separation from jet.
+      Brown surface tinge from aging is characteristic.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-flux.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-flux.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d60644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-flux.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+id: synthetic-alexandrite-flux
+name: Flux-Grown Alexandrite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: BeAl2O4:Cr
+category: synthetic chrysoberyl
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: flux (molybdate or vanadium-based flux solvent in platinum crucible; slow-cooling crystallisation)
+natural_counterpart_id: alexandrite
+manufacturer: Chatham Created Gems (San Francisco, USA); Creative Crystals Inc. (USA); Russian laboratory production
+year_first_produced: "1964"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Flux fingerprints (wispy veils following crystal growth sector boundaries; smoky diffuse
+  appearance — unlike natural fingerprints which follow healed fracture planes); platinum
+  platelets (flat hexagonal to irregular Pt metal from Pt crucible; bright mirror-like
+  under dark-field — highly diagnostic); flux feather inclusions (irregular solidified flux
+  masses); absence of twinning planes (natural Russian alexandrite shows polysynthetic
+  twinning); absence of natural inclusions (no negative crystals, no two-phase natural fluid
+  inclusions); Mo or V trace contamination from flux detectable by EDXRF
+hardness: "8.5"
+sg: "3.70-3.73"
+ri: "1.746-1.755"
+birefringence: 0.009-0.010
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: 0.015
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Distinct {110} in two directions
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Strong trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Green (daylight/fluorescent)
+pleochroism_color2: Red to purplish-red (incandescent)
+colors: [Green (daylight), Red to purplish-red (incandescent)]
+inclusions: [Flux fingerprints (wispy veils), Platinum platelets (Pt from crucible), Flux feather inclusions]
+fluorescence: Moderate red (LW UV)
+notes: >
+  Note: existing synthetic-alexandrite-czochralski.yaml already in DB; this file covers
+  the flux-grown variety only (Chatham/Creative Crystals). Do not confuse with Czochralski.
+  Schmetzer, Peretti, Medenbach & Bernhardt 1996, Gems & Gemology 32(3):186
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.3.186) [VERIFIED]: Russian flux-grown alexandrite diagnostics.
+  Platinum platelets are definitive — absent in all natural alexandrite.
+  Flux veils differ from natural fingerprints by their growth-sector relationship.
+  EDXRF: very low trace elements; Mo or V trace from flux; no significant Fe; no Ga.
+  Distinguishes from hydrothermal (chevron zoning + nail-head spicules) and Czochralski
+  (curved striae + iridium inclusions).
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Flux-Grown Alexandrite
+      #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+      #! Habit: Tabular from flux growth
+      orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {001}@0.4
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: Tabular to prismatic crystal from flux growth in Pt crucible; contains characteristic flux veils and Pt platelets.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-hydrothermal.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-hydrothermal.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c71129e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-alexandrite-hydrothermal.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+id: synthetic-alexandrite-hydrothermal
+name: Hydrothermal Alexandrite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: BeAl2O4:Cr
+category: synthetic chrysoberyl
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: hydrothermal (autoclave; aqueous mineraliser solution; seed plate of natural or synthetic chrysoberyl; growth over weeks at high T/P)
+natural_counterpart_id: alexandrite
+manufacturer: Tairus Joint Enterprise (Novosibirsk, Russia); Biron (Australia); Regency (Thailand/Australia)
+year_first_produced: "1990"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Chevron (herringbone) zoning — most characteristic growth feature; Cr colour zoning follows
+  chevron growth fronts of autoclave-grown crystal in a V-pattern parallel to seed plate;
+  visible under microscope with diffuse lighting; seed plate — visible (or implied by growth
+  geometry) junction between seed and overgrown material; nail-head spicules — short
+  nail-head-shaped two-phase inclusions (liquid + gas) oriented perpendicular to growth
+  layers; characteristic of hydrothermal growth under high pressure; absence of flux
+  inclusions (no Pt platelets; no flux veils — distinguishes from flux-grown);
+  wavy growth planes (hydrothermal growth planes visible as wavy parallel lines under
+  immersion); EDXRF: high purity; absence of Fe distinguishes from natural and Czochralski
+hardness: "8.5"
+sg: "3.70-3.73"
+ri: "1.746-1.755"
+birefringence: 0.009-0.010
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: 0.015
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Distinct {110} in two directions
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Strong trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Green (daylight/fluorescent)
+pleochroism_color2: Red to purplish-red (incandescent)
+colors: [Green (daylight), Red to purplish-red (incandescent)]
+inclusions: [Chevron growth zoning (Cr colour), Seed plate junction, Nail-head spicules (two-phase)]
+fluorescence: Weak to moderate red (LW UV)
+notes: >
+  Hydrothermal alexandrite from Tairus (Novosibirsk), Biron (Australia), and Regency.
+  Peretti, Mullis, Mouawad & Guggenheim 1997, Journal of Gemmology 25(8):540
+  (DOI 10.15506/jog.1997.25.8.540) [VERIFIED]: inclusions in hydrothermal rubies and
+  sapphires from Tairus (Novosibirsk); diagnostic suite applies by analogy to hydrothermal
+  alexandrite from same manufacturer. Russian flux-grown alexandrite diagnostics confirmed
+  by Schmetzer et al. 1996 (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.3.186) [VERIFIED] for comparison.
+  Three-way distinction: Czochralski (curved striae + iridium inclusions); flux (Pt platelets
+  + flux veils); hydrothermal (chevron zoning + nail-head spicules + seed plate).
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Hydrothermal Alexandrite
+      #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+      #! Habit: Tabular; chevron zoning from autoclave growth
+      orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.6 + {001}@0.3
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: Autoclave-grown crystal with chevron Cr zoning, nail-head spicules, and seed plate junction.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-emerald-lechleitner.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-emerald-lechleitner.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff6e18c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-emerald-lechleitner.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+id: synthetic-emerald-lechleitner
+name: Lechleitner Emerald (Overgrowth)
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: 6/mmm
+chemistry: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr,V
+category: synthetic emerald (overgrowth on natural seed)
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: hydrothermal-overgrowth-on-natural-seed (synthetic hydrothermal Cr+V-rich beryl overgrowth deposited on natural colourless beryl seed — goshenite or pale aquamarine)
+natural_counterpart_id: emerald
+manufacturer: Johann Lechleitner (Innsbruck, Austria)
+year_first_produced: "1960"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Colourless beryl core visible under 10x loupe (transmitted light) — the most immediately
+  apparent feature; lighter colourless goshenite/aquamarine core visible inside green rim;
+  crackled interface — at junction between natural seed and synthetic hydrothermal overgrowth
+  a characteristic crackled or crazing texture develops ("crackled skin" in gemmological
+  literature); different inclusion suites in core vs overgrowth — natural beryl core retains
+  own inclusions (two-phase, growth tubes); synthetic skin shows hydrothermal features
+  (nail-head spicules, chevron zoning); Cr distribution concentrated in outer zone only
+  (Schmetzer et al. 1981 — Cr content analysis confirms synthetic origin of colouring layer);
+  UV fluorescence: mosaic or patchy response possible (natural core vs synthetic skin);
+  FTIR: seed beryl and overgrowth may show different water-related absorptions
+hardness: "7.5-8"
+sg: "2.67-2.72"
+ri: "1.565-1.602"
+birefringence: 0.006-0.009
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.014
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Imperfect basal
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Vivid green (ordinary ray)
+pleochroism_color2: Bluish-green to colourless (extraordinary ray)
+colors: [Vivid green (Cr + V chromophores in hydrothermal overgrowth)]
+inclusions: [Colourless beryl core (diagnostic), Crackled interface between core and overgrowth, Natural inclusions in core; hydrothermal features (nail-head spicules) in synthetic skin]
+fluorescence: Patchy UV response possible (core and overgrowth differ)
+notes: >
+  CRITICAL CHEMISTRY FIX per VERIFIED.md Conflict 2 (F-01/REJ-02): R10 source listed
+  incorrect formula Be3Al2(SiO3)6:Cr+V — this is a chain-silicate notation and is
+  chemically incorrect for beryl (a cyclosilicate). Correct formula: Be3Al2Si6O18:Cr,V.
+  Applied here per mandatory correction. Multiple API-verified papers: Schmetzer, Bank &
+  Stahle 1981, Gems & Gemology 17(2):98 (DOI 10.5741/gems.17.2.98) [VERIFIED]: "The
+  Chromium Content of Lechleitner Synthetic Emerald Overgrowth" — Cr concentrated in outer
+  synthetic zone. Journal of Gemmology 1964 (DOI 10.15506/jog.1964.9.8.267) [VERIFIED];
+  Eppler 1968 (DOI 10.15506/jog.1968.11.4.120) [VERIFIED]; Schmetzer & Bank 1988
+  (DOI 10.15506/jog.1988.21.2.95) [VERIFIED]. Colourless core is definitive diagnostic
+  — absent in natural emerald. Crackled interface is definitive — absent in natural.
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Overgrowth Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Lechleitner Emerald (synthetic overgrowth on natural beryl seed)
+      #! System: Hexagonal (6/mmm)
+      #! Habit: Colourless natural beryl core with green synthetic hydrothermal skin
+      hexagonal[6/mmm]:{10-10}@1.0 + {0001}@0.6 > {10-10}@1.1 + {0001}@0.7
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: >
+      Natural colourless beryl (goshenite/aquamarine) seed with synthetic hydrothermal Cr+V-rich
+      beryl overgrowth. Nested CDL notation represents core (inner) and synthetic skin (outer).
+      Colourless core and crackled interface are definitive diagnostics.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-hydrothermal.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-hydrothermal.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d6a3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-hydrothermal.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+id: synthetic-ruby-hydrothermal
+name: Hydrothermal Ruby
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: Al2O3:Cr
+category: synthetic corundum
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: hydrothermal (autoclave; aqueous HF/chloride mineraliser; Cr dopant; seed plate of natural or synthetic corundum; 400-500 degrees C / >1 kbar)
+natural_counterpart_id: ruby
+manufacturer: Tairus Joint Enterprise (Novosibirsk, Russia); Biron (Perth, Australia)
+year_first_produced: "1985"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Hexagonal seed plate — clearly visible junction between seed crystal and hydrothermal
+  overgrowth; the seed may have different colour intensity or inclusion suite; plate is
+  typically hexagonally oriented parallel to c-axis of corundum; chevron (herringbone) Cr
+  zoning — Cr colour distributed in chevron-pattern waves perpendicular to growth direction;
+  two-phase inclusions (feathers) — liquid + gas forming irregular feather patterns; differ
+  from natural marble-hosted ruby feathers (which contain calcite or apatite daughters);
+  nail-head spicules — short perpendicular needles with rounded heads from hydrothermal
+  overpressure; absence of natural ruby inclusions (no rutile silk, no calcite, no apatite,
+  no zircon, no natural negative crystals); trace element: very low Fe (<50 ppm typically;
+  natural ruby always >100 ppm Fe); occasionally Nb trace from autoclave walls
+hardness: "9"
+sg: "3.99-4.01"
+ri: "1.762-1.770"
+birefringence: 0.008
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.018
+lustre: Vitreous to adamantine
+cleavage: None (parting on {0001} and {10-11})
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: purplish-red
+pleochroism_color2: orangey-red
+colors: [Red, Pinkish-red]
+inclusions: [Hexagonal seed plate junction, Chevron Cr colour zoning, Nail-head spicules (two-phase), Two-phase fluid feathers]
+fluorescence: Strong red (LW and SW UV; same as natural Burma ruby)
+notes: >
+  Hydrothermal ruby from Tairus (Novosibirsk) and Biron (Perth). Two API-verified papers:
+  Peretti et al. 1997, Journal of Gemmology 25(8):540 (DOI 10.15506/jog.1997.25.8.540)
+  [VERIFIED]: inclusions in hydrothermal rubies from Tairus; seed plate, nail-head spicules,
+  chevron zoning documented. Muhlmeister et al. 1998, Gems & Gemology 34(2):80
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.34.2.80) [VERIFIED]: "Hydrothermal rubies can be separated from natural
+  rubies by their low iron content and by trace amounts of niobium that are sometimes present
+  from the autoclave walls." Distinguishes from Kashan flux ruby (Pt platelets, angular flux
+  masses, Mo trace) and from Verneuil (curved striae, gas bubbles).
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Hydrothermal Ruby
+      #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+      #! Habit: Tabular to prismatic; seed plate base; chevron Cr zoning
+      trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {10-11}@0.8 + {0001}@0.5
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: Autoclave-grown ruby with hexagonal seed plate junction, chevron Cr colour zoning, and nail-head spicule inclusions.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-kashan-flux.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-kashan-flux.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25741ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-ruby-kashan-flux.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+id: synthetic-ruby-kashan-flux
+name: Kashan Flux Ruby
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: Al2O3:Cr
+category: synthetic corundum
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: flux (molybdate-based flux in platinum crucible; slow-cooling crystallisation; independently developed from Chatham process)
+natural_counterpart_id: ruby
+manufacturer: Kashan Inc. (produced 1968-1996; associated with Inamori/Kyocera technology)
+year_first_produced: "1968"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Angular flux fingerprints (Kashan flux residue forms angular, more geometric fingerprint
+  textures rather than the wispy cloud-like veils of Chatham/Knischka — angular, partially
+  solidified flux inclusions visible under dark-field illumination); platinum platelets
+  (flat hexagonal to irregular Pt metal from Pt crucible; same as other Pt-crucible flux
+  products; diagnostic for all flux-grown corundum); absence of twinning (Kashan rubies
+  rarely show polysynthetic twinning lamellae typical of natural Burmese ruby); absence of
+  rutile silk (no fine straight rutile needles as in natural Mogok ruby); molybdenum trace
+  (Mo from flux detectable by EDXRF; natural ruby has no Mo; highly diagnostic chemical
+  signature); strong Cr fluorescence (both LWUV and SWUV; intense red from pure Cr3+
+  environment; natural Burma ruby also strong, but combination with Mo trace and Pt platelets
+  is conclusive); absorption spectrum shows strong doublet at 692/694 nm (Cr3+ R-lines);
+  no 450 nm Fe band (natural ruby often has Fe-related absorption at 450 nm from Thai/Cambodian origin)
+hardness: "9"
+sg: "3.99-4.01"
+ri: "1.762-1.770"
+birefringence: 0.008
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.018
+lustre: Vitreous to adamantine
+cleavage: None (parting on {0001} and {10-11})
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: purplish-red
+pleochroism_color2: orangey-red
+colors: [Red, Pinkish-red]
+inclusions: [Angular flux fingerprints (geometric; Kashan-specific), Platinum platelets, Absence of rutile silk]
+fluorescence: Very strong red (LW and SW UV; characteristic of pure Cr3+ environment)
+notes: >
+  Kashan flux ruby distinguishes from generic flux ruby (Chatham/Knischka/Ramaura) by angular
+  flux fingerprint geometry (Chatham = wispy veils); from generic flux ruby.yaml in DB.
+  Two API-verified papers: Burch 1984, Journal of Gemmology 19(1):54
+  (DOI 10.15506/jog.1984.19.1.54) [VERIFIED]: "Some Observations on a Kashan Synthetic Ruby"
+  — Pt platelets and angular flux fingerprints documented. Muhlmeister et al. 1998,
+  Gems & Gemology 34(2):80 (DOI 10.5741/gems.34.2.80) [VERIFIED]: "flux-grown rubies in
+  general show extremely strong red fluorescence under both longwave and shortwave UV."
+  Mo trace by EDXRF: absent in natural ruby — chemical confirmation. Production 1968-1996;
+  Inamori (Kyocera) technology. Distinguishes from hydrothermal (no Pt, chevron zoning)
+  and from Verneuil (curved striae, gas bubbles, no Pt).
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Kashan Flux Ruby
+      #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+      #! Habit: Tabular to prismatic from Pt-crucible flux growth
+      trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {10-11}@0.8 + {0001}@0.5
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: Flux-grown ruby in Pt crucible; angular flux fingerprints and Pt platelets are diagnostic; Mo trace by EDXRF is confirmatory.
diff --git a/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-sapphire-czochralski.yaml b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-sapphire-czochralski.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1b77a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/source/synthetics/synthetic-sapphire-czochralski.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+id: synthetic-sapphire-czochralski
+name: Czochralski Sapphire
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "-3m"
+chemistry: Al2O3
+category: synthetic corundum
+origin: synthetic
+growth_method: Czochralski (melt pulling; seed rod pulled upward from melt surface under rotation)
+natural_counterpart_id: sapphire
+manufacturer: Linde Division (Union Carbide, USA); Kyocera Corp. (Japan); Crystal Systems Inc.; Rubicon Technology; Saint-Gobain
+year_first_produced: "1958"
+diagnostic_synthetic_features: >
+  Tight curved growth striae (finer and more closely spaced than Verneuil; concentric arcs
+  around growth axis under immersion); absence of gas-bubble trains (characteristic of
+  Verneuil but absent in Czochralski); absence of curved colour banding; platinum-group
+  metal (PGM) rod-like inclusions from seed holder (highly diagnostic of Linde boules);
+  no natural inclusion suite (no rutile silk, no zircon, no negative crystals); Linde star
+  sapphire: artificially precipitated rutile needles (too perfect and uniformly spaced under
+  magnification; typically on flat-back synthetic dome)
+hardness: "9"
+sg: "3.99-4.01"
+ri: "1.762-1.770"
+birefringence: 0.008
+optical_character: Uniaxial -
+dispersion: 0.018
+lustre: Vitreous to adamantine
+cleavage: None (parting on {0001} and {10-11})
+fracture: Conchoidal
+pleochroism: Weak dichroism (same as natural corundum)
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Blue
+pleochroism_color2: Pale blue to colourless
+colors: [Blue, Colourless, Various (by doping)]
+inclusions: [Tight curved growth striae, Platinum-group metal rod inclusions (PGM from seed holder), Absence of natural inclusions (no rutile silk)]
+fluorescence: Weak to inert (Linde blue may show weak orange-red under SWUV)
+notes: >
+  Czochralski sapphire grown from melt pulled upward on rotating seed rod; produces a boule
+  rather than Verneuil pear-shaped boule. Key distinction from Verneuil: tighter curved striae
+  (vs broader curves in Verneuil); no gas-bubble trains; PGM inclusions from seed holder.
+  EDXRF/LA-ICP-MS: extremely low trace elements (Ga typically below detection in natural
+  sapphire >1 ppm). Linde star ruby/sapphire: Ti-doped then annealed to precipitate rutile.
+  Gemmological properties and growth method from Read 7th ed. pp.193-195
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. No dedicated peer-reviewed
+  gemmological paper for Czochralski sapphire identification retrieved via API.
+expressions:
+  - slug: crystal
+    name: Crystal
+    cdl: |
+      #! Species: Czochralski Sapphire
+      #! System: Trigonal (-3m)
+      #! Habit: Cylindrical boule with prismatic habit
+      trigonal[-3m]:{10-10}@1.0 + {10-11}@0.8 + {0001}@0.5
+    is_primary: true
+    form_description: Czochralski-pulled boule; prismatic to cylindrical crystal from melt pulling process.
diff --git a/src/mineral_database/data/minerals.db b/src/mineral_database/data/minerals.db
index 85ebe33..e2d6df7 100644
Binary files a/src/mineral_database/data/minerals.db and b/src/mineral_database/data/minerals.db differ