Add Docker containerization and publishing infrastructure

[ReeceHumphreys]

NOTE: Need to make some repo level changes for the CI to work.
NOTE: The docs are written as if we have the containers available. This will not be the case until we trigger a new
release after this merges.

• Tickets addressed:
  Closes Conanfile incompatible with Docker #131
  Closes Dockerfile for containerized Basilisk #350
  Closes [Bug] Vizard: Real-Time Connection Fails on Windows with Docker Despite Successful Port Connectivity #1058

• Review: By commit

• Merge strategy: Merge (no squash)

Description

This PR adds Docker containerization support to Basilisk, enabling standardized and reproducible deployments without local compilation.

• Multi-stage Dockerfile optimized for minimal runtime image size
• Multi-architecture support (linux/amd64, linux/arm64)
• CI workflow to automatically publish containers to GHCR and Docker Hub
• Full Vizard and Bokeh visualization support in containers

Verification

Built and used containers locally. Testing the new CI infrastructure will have to be done when this PR is merged.

Documentation

Added docs explaining containerization support

Future work

N/A