Added algorithm for swapping linkedlist nodes

pom.xml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
             <dependency>
                 <groupId>org.junit</groupId>
                 <artifactId>junit-bom</artifactId>
-                <version>5.11.1</version>
+                <version>5.11.2</version>
                 <type>pom</type>
                 <scope>import</scope>
             </dependency>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
-            <version>5.11.1</version>
+            <version>5.11.2</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
             <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
-            <version>5.11.1</version>
+            <version>5.11.2</version>
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/Recursion/GenerateSubsets.java

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.Recursion;
+
+// program to find power set of a string
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class GenerateSubsets {
+
+    private GenerateSubsets() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Utility class");
+    }
+
+    public static List<String> subsetRecursion(String str) {
+        return doRecursion("", str);
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> doRecursion(String p, String up) {
+        if (up.isEmpty()) {
+            List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+            list.add(p);
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        // Taking the character
+        char ch = up.charAt(0);
+        // Adding the character in the recursion
+        List<String> left = doRecursion(p + ch, up.substring(1));
+        // Not adding the character in the recursion
+        List<String> right = doRecursion(p, up.substring(1));
+
+        left.addAll(right);
+
+        return left;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/others/CountSetBits.java → src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/CountSetBits.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.thealgorithms.others;
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
 
 public class CountSetBits {
 

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/HillCipher.java

@@ -1,178 +1,103 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.ciphers;
 
-import java.util.Scanner;
+public class HillCipher {
 
-/*
- * Java Implementation of Hill Cipher
- * Hill cipher is a polyalphabetic substitution cipher. Each letter is represented by a number
- * belonging to the set Z26 where A=0 , B=1, ..... Z=25. To encrypt a message, each block of n
- * letters (since matrix size is n x n) is multiplied by an invertible n × n matrix, against
- * modulus 26. To decrypt the message, each block is multiplied by the inverse of the matrix used
- * for encryption. The cipher key and plaintext/ciphertext are user inputs.
- * @author Ojasva Jain
- */
-public final class HillCipher {
-    private HillCipher() {
-    }
-
-    static Scanner userInput = new Scanner(System.in);
-
-    /* Following function encrypts the message
-     */
-    static void encrypt(String message) {
-        message = message.toUpperCase();
-        // Get key matrix
-        System.out.println("Enter key matrix size");
-        int matrixSize = userInput.nextInt();
-        System.out.println("Enter Key/encryptionKey matrix ");
-        int[][] keyMatrix = new int[matrixSize][matrixSize];
-        for (int i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < matrixSize; j++) {
-                keyMatrix[i][j] = userInput.nextInt();
-            }
-        }
-        // check if det = 0
+    // Encrypts the message using the key matrix
+    public String encrypt(String message, int[][] keyMatrix) {
+        message = message.toUpperCase().replaceAll("[^A-Z]", "");
+        int matrixSize = keyMatrix.length;
         validateDeterminant(keyMatrix, matrixSize);
 
-        int[][] messageVector = new int[matrixSize][1];
-        String cipherText = "";
-        int[][] cipherMatrix = new int[matrixSize][1];
-        int j = 0;
-        while (j < message.length()) {
+        StringBuilder cipherText = new StringBuilder();
+        int[] messageVector = new int[matrixSize];
+        int[] cipherVector = new int[matrixSize];
+        int index = 0;
+
+        while (index < message.length()) {
             for (int i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
-                if (j >= message.length()) {
-                    messageVector[i][0] = 23;
+                if (index < message.length()) {
+                    messageVector[i] = message.charAt(index++) - 'A';
                 } else {
-                    messageVector[i][0] = (message.charAt(j)) % 65;
+                    messageVector[i] = 'X' - 'A'; // Padding with 'X' if needed
                 }
-                System.out.println(messageVector[i][0]);
-                j++;
             }
-            int x;
-            int i;
-            for (i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
-                cipherMatrix[i][0] = 0;
 
-                for (x = 0; x < matrixSize; x++) {
-                    cipherMatrix[i][0] += keyMatrix[i][x] * messageVector[x][0];
+            for (int i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
+                cipherVector[i] = 0;
+                for (int j = 0; j < matrixSize; j++) {
+                    cipherVector[i] += keyMatrix[i][j] * messageVector[j];
                 }
-                System.out.println(cipherMatrix[i][0]);
-                cipherMatrix[i][0] = cipherMatrix[i][0] % 26;
-            }
-            for (i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
-                cipherText += (char) (cipherMatrix[i][0] + 65);
+                cipherVector[i] = cipherVector[i] % 26;
+                cipherText.append((char) (cipherVector[i] + 'A'));
             }
         }
-        System.out.println("Ciphertext: " + cipherText);
+
+        return cipherText.toString();
     }
 
-    // Following function decrypts a message
-    static void decrypt(String message) {
-        message = message.toUpperCase();
-        // Get key matrix
-        System.out.println("Enter key matrix size");
-        int n = userInput.nextInt();
-        System.out.println("Enter inverseKey/decryptionKey matrix ");
-        int[][] keyMatrix = new int[n][n];
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-                keyMatrix[i][j] = userInput.nextInt();
-            }
-        }
-        // check if det = 0
-        validateDeterminant(keyMatrix, n);
+    // Decrypts the message using the inverse key matrix
+    public String decrypt(String message, int[][] inverseKeyMatrix) {
+        message = message.toUpperCase().replaceAll("[^A-Z]", "");
+        int matrixSize = inverseKeyMatrix.length;
+        validateDeterminant(inverseKeyMatrix, matrixSize);
+
+        StringBuilder plainText = new StringBuilder();
+        int[] messageVector = new int[matrixSize];
+        int[] plainVector = new int[matrixSize];
+        int index = 0;
 
-        // solving for the required plaintext message
-        int[][] messageVector = new int[n][1];
-        String plainText = "";
-        int[][] plainMatrix = new int[n][1];
-        int j = 0;
-        while (j < message.length()) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                if (j >= message.length()) {
-                    messageVector[i][0] = 23;
+        while (index < message.length()) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
+                if (index < message.length()) {
+                    messageVector[i] = message.charAt(index++) - 'A';
                 } else {
-                    messageVector[i][0] = (message.charAt(j)) % 65;
+                    messageVector[i] = 'X' - 'A'; // Padding with 'X' if needed
                 }
-                System.out.println(messageVector[i][0]);
-                j++;
             }
-            int x;
-            int i;
-            for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                plainMatrix[i][0] = 0;
 
-                for (x = 0; x < n; x++) {
-                    plainMatrix[i][0] += keyMatrix[i][x] * messageVector[x][0];
+            for (int i = 0; i < matrixSize; i++) {
+                plainVector[i] = 0;
+                for (int j = 0; j < matrixSize; j++) {
+                    plainVector[i] += inverseKeyMatrix[i][j] * messageVector[j];
                 }
-
-                plainMatrix[i][0] = plainMatrix[i][0] % 26;
-            }
-            for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                plainText += (char) (plainMatrix[i][0] + 65);
+                plainVector[i] = plainVector[i] % 26;
+                plainText.append((char) (plainVector[i] + 'A'));
             }
         }
-        System.out.println("Plaintext: " + plainText);
+
+        return plainText.toString();
     }
 
-    // Determinant calculator
-    public static int determinant(int[][] a, int n) {
-        int det = 0;
-        int sign = 1;
-        int p = 0;
-        int q = 0;
+    // Validates that the determinant of the key matrix is not zero modulo 26
+    private void validateDeterminant(int[][] keyMatrix, int n) {
+        int det = determinant(keyMatrix, n) % 26;
+        if (det == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid key matrix. Determinant is zero modulo 26.");
+        }
+    }
 
+    // Computes the determinant of a matrix recursively
+    private int determinant(int[][] matrix, int n) {
+        int det = 0;
         if (n == 1) {
-            det = a[0][0];
-        } else {
-            int[][] b = new int[n - 1][n - 1];
-            for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {
-                p = 0;
-                q = 0;
-                for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
-                    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-                        if (j != x) {
-                            b[p][q++] = a[i][j];
-                            if (q % (n - 1) == 0) {
-                                p++;
-                                q = 0;
-                            }
-                        }
+            return matrix[0][0];
+        }
+        int sign = 1;
+        int[][] subMatrix = new int[n - 1][n - 1];
+        for (int x = 0; x < n; x++) {
+            int subI = 0;
+            for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+                int subJ = 0;
+                for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+                    if (j != x) {
+                        subMatrix[subI][subJ++] = matrix[i][j];
                     }
                 }
-                det = det + a[0][x] * determinant(b, n - 1) * sign;
-                sign = -sign;
+                subI++;
             }
+            det += sign * matrix[0][x] * determinant(subMatrix, n - 1);
+            sign = -sign;
         }
         return det;
     }
-
-    // Function to implement Hill Cipher
-    static void hillCipher(String message) {
-        System.out.println("What do you want to process from the message?");
-        System.out.println("Press 1: To Encrypt");
-        System.out.println("Press 2: To Decrypt");
-        short sc = userInput.nextShort();
-        if (sc == 1) {
-            encrypt(message);
-        } else if (sc == 2) {
-            decrypt(message);
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Invalid input, program terminated.");
-        }
-    }
-
-    static void validateDeterminant(int[][] keyMatrix, int n) {
-        if (determinant(keyMatrix, n) % 26 == 0) {
-            System.out.println("Invalid key, as determinant = 0. Program Terminated");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Driver code
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
-        // Get the message to be encrypted
-        System.out.println("Enter message");
-        String message = userInput.nextLine();
-        hillCipher(message);
-    }
 }

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/XORCipher.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.ciphers;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.HexFormat;
+
+/**
+ * A simple implementation of XOR cipher that, given a key, allows to encrypt and decrypt a plaintext.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="https://github.com/lcsjunior">lcsjunior</a>
+ *
+ */
+public final class XORCipher {
+
+    private static final Charset CS_DEFAULT = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+    private XORCipher() {
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] xor(final byte[] inputBytes, final byte[] keyBytes) {
+        byte[] outputBytes = new byte[inputBytes.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < inputBytes.length; ++i) {
+            outputBytes[i] = (byte) (inputBytes[i] ^ keyBytes[i % keyBytes.length]);
+        }
+        return outputBytes;
+    }
+
+    public static String encrypt(final String plainText, final String key) {
+        byte[] plainTextBytes = plainText.getBytes(CS_DEFAULT);
+        byte[] keyBytes = key.getBytes(CS_DEFAULT);
+        byte[] xorResult = xor(plainTextBytes, keyBytes);
+        return HexFormat.of().formatHex(xorResult);
+    }
+
+    public static String decrypt(final String cipherText, final String key) {
+        byte[] cipherBytes = HexFormat.of().parseHex(cipherText);
+        byte[] keyBytes = key.getBytes(CS_DEFAULT);
+        byte[] xorResult = xor(cipherBytes, keyBytes);
+        return new String(xorResult, CS_DEFAULT);
+    }
+}