MBA-145: Update Example CMakeLists.txt Files to C++23

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MBA-145: Update Example CMakeLists.txt Files to C++23

This PR implements ticket MBA-145 by updating C++ standard from C++17 to C++23 for example-like targets while preserving C++17 for core libraries.

Changes Made

Scope:

• ✅ Updated to C++23: examples/, tools/, common/, pocs/ directories (42 CMakeLists.txt files)
• ✅ Preserved C++17: core library (src/CMakeLists.txt) and ggml (ggml/src/CMakeLists.txt) per existing "don't bump" comments

Key Changes:

1. Build Configuration: Updated target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_17) → target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_23) across all example-like targets
2. C++23 Compatibility Fix: Fixed enum bitwise OR operation in tests/test-backend-ops.cpp to comply with stricter C++23 type checking:

   // Before (C++17 compatible)
   GGML_SCALE_MODE_BILINEAR | GGML_SCALE_FLAG_ALIGN_CORNERS
   
   // After (C++23 compatible)  
   static_cast<ggml_scale_mode>(GGML_SCALE_MODE_BILINEAR | static_cast<int>(GGML_SCALE_FLAG_ALIGN_CORNERS))

Verification

• ✅ Local Build: Compiles successfully with LLAMA_FATAL_WARNINGS=ON
• ✅ Local Tests: All 36 tests pass with ctest -L main
• 🔄 CI Status: 43/45 checks passing, 2 pending (android-build, macOS-latest-cmake-x64)

Human Review Checklist

Critical Items:

1. Enum Casting Logic: Verify the static_cast<ggml_scale_mode>(...) fix in test-backend-ops.cpp correctly handles the bitwise OR between GGML_SCALE_MODE_BILINEAR and GGML_SCALE_FLAG_ALIGN_CORNERS
2. Core Library Preservation: Confirm that src/CMakeLists.txt and ggml/src/CMakeLists.txt still use cxx_std_17 with "don't bump" comments intact
3. CI Results: Review final CI status for any platform-specific C++23 compilation issues

Scope Verification:
4. Spot-check that all intended example/tool targets were updated to C++23
5. Verify no unintended targets were modified outside of examples/, tools/, common/, pocs/

---

Files Modified: 42 CMakeLists.txt files + 1 test fix
Ticket: MBA-145
Requested by: @jaime-leo
Devin Session: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/5fbaef6dae8545ad878fb236367d326a

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