Refactor and fix various exercises in the C++ course

[Mieluoxxx]

• Completed type pun conversion in exercise 09.
• Implemented Fibonacci caching in exercises 10 and 11.
• Modified method signatures to be const in exercise 12.
• Added constructors and optimized Fibonacci calculations in exercises 13 to 16.
• Implemented dynamic memory management in exercises 14 and 15.
• Added move semantics in exercise 16.
• Fixed class inheritance and virtual functions in exercises 17 and 18.
• Corrected destructor implementations in exercise 19.
• Converted functions to templates in exercises 20 and 21.
• Implemented tensor operations in exercises 22 to 27.
• Fixed string and map operations in exercises 28 and 29.
• Updated unique and shared pointer usage in exercises 30 and 31.
• Utilized STL algorithms in exercises 32 and 33.