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MervinPraison merged 4 commits into from
Apr 16, 2026
Merged

feat: implement remote execution environment backends (SSH, Modal, Daytona) #1400

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c450836
feat: implement remote execution environment backends (SSH, Modal, Da…
praisonai-triage-agent[bot] Apr 16, 2026
4937912
fix: critical security and functional issues in sandbox backends
praisonai-triage-agent[bot] Apr 16, 2026
92ce12a
fix sandbox backends review issues: security hardening and test relia…
Copilot Apr 16, 2026
1c3055b
fix sandbox backend hardening and stabilize remote backend tests
Copilot Apr 16, 2026
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301 changes: 301 additions & 0 deletions examples/python/sandbox_remote.py
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Remote Sandbox Examples for PraisonAI

Demonstrates how to use SSH, Modal, and Daytona sandbox backends
for remote code execution.
"""

import asyncio
import os
from typing import Optional

from praisonai.sandbox import SSHSandbox, ModalSandbox, DaytonaSandbox
from praisonaiagents.sandbox import ResourceLimits


async def ssh_example():
"""Example using SSH sandbox for remote execution."""
print("🔗 SSH Sandbox Example")
print("=" * 50)

# Configure SSH connection
# Note: You need actual SSH server access for this to work
ssh_host = os.getenv("SSH_HOST", "localhost")
ssh_user = os.getenv("SSH_USER", "ubuntu")
ssh_key = os.getenv("SSH_KEY_FILE", "~/.ssh/id_rsa")

print(f"Connecting to {ssh_user}@{ssh_host}")

try:
sandbox = SSHSandbox(
host=ssh_host,
user=ssh_user,
key_file=ssh_key,
working_dir="/tmp/praisonai_demo"
)

# Check availability
if not sandbox.is_available:
print("❌ SSH backend not available. Install with: pip install praisonai[ssh]")
return

# Start sandbox
await sandbox.start()
print("✅ SSH connection established")

# Execute Python code
print("\n📄 Executing Python code...")
result = await sandbox.execute("""
import sys
import platform
print(f"Python version: {sys.version}")
print(f"Platform: {platform.platform()}")
print("Hello from remote SSH server! 🚀")
""", language="python")

print(f"Exit code: {result.exit_code}")
print(f"Output:\n{result.stdout}")
if result.stderr:
print(f"Errors:\n{result.stderr}")

# Execute shell command
print("\n🐚 Executing shell command...")
result = await sandbox.run_command("uname -a && uptime")
print(f"System info:\n{result.stdout}")

# Write and read file
print("\n📝 File operations...")
await sandbox.write_file("/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py", "print('Hello from file!')")
content = await sandbox.read_file("/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py")
print(f"File content: {content}")

# Execute the file
result = await sandbox.execute_file("/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py")
print(f"File execution result: {result.stdout}")

# Test resource limits
print("\n⏱️ Testing resource limits...")
limits = ResourceLimits(timeout_seconds=5, memory_mb=128)
result = await sandbox.execute("""
import time
print("Starting long task...")
time.sleep(10) # This will timeout
print("Task completed")
""", limits=limits)

print(f"Limited execution status: {result.status}")
if result.error:
print(f"Error (expected timeout): {result.error}")

await sandbox.stop()
print("✅ SSH sandbox stopped")

except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ SSH example failed: {e}")
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⚠️ Potential issue | 🟠 Major

Clean up remote resources in a finally block.

If anything raises after start(), these examples leak SSH sessions, Modal apps, or Daytona workspaces. Please stop the sandbox on the error path too.

Also applies to: 103-161, 169-236, 267-278

🧰 Tools
🪛 Ruff (0.15.10)

[error] 35-35: Probable insecure usage of temporary file or directory: "/tmp/praisonai_demo"

(S108)

[error] 69-69: Probable insecure usage of temporary file or directory: "/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py"

(S108)

[error] 70-70: Probable insecure usage of temporary file or directory: "/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py"

(S108)

[error] 74-74: Probable insecure usage of temporary file or directory: "/tmp/praisonai_demo/hello.py"

(S108)

[warning] 94-94: Do not catch blind exception: Exception

(BLE001)

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents 
Verify each finding against the current code and only fix it if needed.

In `@examples/python/sandbox_remote.py` around lines 30 - 95, The example leaks
remote resources if an exception occurs after starting the SSHSandbox; ensure
the SSHSandbox is always stopped by wrapping the start/usage block in a
try/finally (or using try/except/finally) so that sandbox.stop() is called in
the finally clause. Locate the SSHSandbox usage (variable sandbox) where you
call await sandbox.start() and move the rich example operations into the try
block, then call await sandbox.stop() in the finally block; apply the same
pattern to the other example regions referenced (around lines 103-161, 169-236,
267-278) to guarantee cleanup on error paths.



async def modal_example():
"""Example using Modal sandbox for serverless GPU execution."""
print("\n☁️ Modal Sandbox Example")
print("=" * 50)

try:
# Note: Requires Modal account and API key
sandbox = ModalSandbox(
gpu="A100", # Request A100 GPU
timeout=120
)

# Check availability
if not sandbox.is_available:
print("❌ Modal backend not available. Install with: pip install praisonai[modal]")
return

print("🚀 Starting Modal app...")
await sandbox.start()
print("✅ Modal app initialized")

# Execute GPU-accelerated Python code
print("\n🔥 Executing GPU code...")
result = await sandbox.execute("""
import torch
import numpy as np

print(f"PyTorch version: {torch.__version__}")
print(f"CUDA available: {torch.cuda.is_available()}")

if torch.cuda.is_available():
device = torch.cuda.get_device_name()
print(f"GPU device: {device}")

# Simple tensor operations on GPU
x = torch.randn(1000, 1000, device='cuda')
y = torch.randn(1000, 1000, device='cuda')
z = torch.matmul(x, y)
print(f"GPU computation result shape: {z.shape}")
else:
print("Running on CPU")
x = torch.randn(100, 100)
y = torch.randn(100, 100)
z = torch.matmul(x, y)
print(f"CPU computation result shape: {z.shape}")

print("🚀 Modal execution completed!")
""", language="python")

print(f"Exit code: {result.exit_code}")
print(f"Output:\n{result.stdout}")
if result.stderr:
print(f"Errors:\n{result.stderr}")

# Test different languages
print("\n🐚 Testing bash execution...")
result = await sandbox.run_command("nvidia-smi || echo 'No GPU info available'")
print(f"GPU info:\n{result.stdout}")

await sandbox.stop()
print("✅ Modal sandbox stopped")

except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ Modal example failed: {e}")


async def daytona_example():
"""Example using Daytona sandbox for cloud dev environment."""
print("\n🌤️ Daytona Sandbox Example")
print("=" * 50)

try:
# Configure Daytona workspace
sandbox = DaytonaSandbox(
workspace_template="python-dev",
provider="aws", # or "gcp", "azure", "local"
timeout=180
)

# Check availability
if not sandbox.is_available:
print("❌ Daytona backend not available. Install with: pip install praisonai[daytona]")
return

print(f"🏗️ Creating Daytona workspace: {sandbox.workspace_name}")
await sandbox.start()
print("✅ Daytona workspace ready")

# Execute development tasks
print("\n💻 Running development tasks...")
result = await sandbox.execute("""
import sys
import os
import subprocess

print("🐍 Python Development Environment")
print(f"Python version: {sys.version}")
print(f"Working directory: {os.getcwd()}")

# Check installed packages
try:
result = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "list"],
capture_output=True, text=True)
print("📦 Installed packages:")
print(result.stdout[:500] + "..." if len(result.stdout) > 500 else result.stdout)
except Exception as e:
print(f"Could not list packages: {e}")

print("✨ Daytona workspace is ready for development!")
""", language="python")

print(f"Exit code: {result.exit_code}")
print(f"Output:\n{result.stdout}")

# Test file operations
print("\n📁 Workspace file operations...")
await sandbox.write_file("/workspace/demo.py", """
def hello_daytona():
print("Hello from Daytona workspace!")
return "🎉 Success!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
result = hello_daytona()
print(result)
""")

# Execute the file
result = await sandbox.execute_file("/workspace/demo.py")
print(f"Demo script output: {result.stdout}")

# List workspace files
files = await sandbox.list_files("/workspace")
print(f"Workspace files: {files}")

await sandbox.stop()
print("✅ Daytona workspace stopped")

except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ Daytona example failed: {e}")


async def comparison_example():
"""Compare execution across different sandbox backends."""
print("\n⚖️ Sandbox Comparison")
print("=" * 50)

# Simple test code
test_code = """
import time
import sys
start_time = time.time()
print(f"Hello from {sys.platform}!")
print(f"Execution time: {time.time() - start_time:.3f}s")
"""

# Test each sandbox type
sandboxes = [
("SSH", SSHSandbox(host=os.getenv("SSH_HOST", "localhost"))),
("Modal", ModalSandbox()),
("Daytona", DaytonaSandbox())
]

for name, sandbox in sandboxes:
print(f"\n🧪 Testing {name} sandbox...")

if not sandbox.is_available:
print(f"❌ {name} not available")
continue

try:
await sandbox.start()
result = await sandbox.execute(test_code, language="python")

print(f"✅ {name}: {result.status}")
print(f" Duration: {result.duration_seconds:.3f}s")
print(f" Output: {result.stdout.strip()}")

await sandbox.stop()

except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ {name} failed: {e}")


async def main():
"""Run all examples."""
print("🚀 PraisonAI Remote Sandbox Examples")
print("=" * 70)

# Run examples
await ssh_example()
await modal_example()
await daytona_example()
await comparison_example()

print("\n✅ All examples completed!")
print("\nNext steps:")
print("1. Set up SSH access to remote servers")
print("2. Configure Modal account for GPU workloads")
print("3. Set up Daytona for cloud development")
print("4. Use these sandboxes in your PraisonAI agents!")


if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(main())
23 changes: 21 additions & 2 deletions src/praisonai/praisonai/sandbox/__init__.py
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
"""
Sandbox implementations for PraisonAI.

Provides Docker, subprocess, and sandlock sandbox for safe code execution.
Provides Docker, subprocess, sandlock, SSH, Modal, and Daytona sandbox for safe code execution.
"""

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
Expand All @@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
from .docker import DockerSandbox
from .subprocess import SubprocessSandbox
from .sandlock import SandlockSandbox
from .ssh import SSHSandbox
from .modal import ModalSandbox
from .daytona import DaytonaSandbox

def __getattr__(name: str):
"""Lazy loading of sandbox components."""
Expand All @@ -22,6 +25,22 @@ def __getattr__(name: str):
if name == "SandlockSandbox":
from .sandlock import SandlockSandbox
return SandlockSandbox
if name == "SSHSandbox":
from .ssh import SSHSandbox
return SSHSandbox
if name == "ModalSandbox":
from .modal import ModalSandbox
return ModalSandbox
if name == "DaytonaSandbox":
from .daytona import DaytonaSandbox
return DaytonaSandbox
raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")

__all__ = ["DockerSandbox", "SubprocessSandbox", "SandlockSandbox"]
__all__ = [
"DockerSandbox",
"SubprocessSandbox",
"SandlockSandbox",
"SSHSandbox",
"ModalSandbox",
"DaytonaSandbox"
]
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