fix(db): reuse ReadOptions in ColumnDbSnapshot to reduce GC pressure

src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Db.Rocks/ColumnsDb.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
 using FastEnumUtility;
 using Nethermind.Core;
 using Nethermind.Db.Rocks.Config;
@@ -17,6 +18,11 @@ public class ColumnsDb<T> : DbOnTheRocks, IColumnsDb<T> where T : struct, Enum
 {
     private readonly IDictionary<T, ColumnDb> _columnDbs = new Dictionary<T, ColumnDb>();
 
+    // Cached for ColumnDbSnapshot to avoid per-snapshot recomputation.
+    // Initialized once on first CreateSnapshot call; both fields are idempotent (same result from any thread).
+    private volatile T[]? _cachedColumnKeys;
+    private volatile int _cachedMaxOrdinal = -1;
+
     public ColumnsDb(string basePath, DbSettings settings, IDbConfig dbConfig, IRocksDbConfigFactory rocksDbConfigFactory, ILogManager logManager, IReadOnlyList<T> keys, IntPtr? sharedCache = null)
         : this(basePath, settings, dbConfig, rocksDbConfigFactory, logManager, ResolveKeys(keys), sharedCache)
     {
@@ -158,31 +164,121 @@ IColumnDbSnapshot<T> IColumnsDb<T>.CreateSnapshot()
         return new ColumnDbSnapshot(this, snapshot);
     }
 
-    private class ColumnDbSnapshot(
-        ColumnsDb<T> columnsDb,
-        Snapshot snapshot
-    ) : IColumnDbSnapshot<T>
+    private class ColumnDbSnapshot : IColumnDbSnapshot<T>
     {
-        private readonly Dictionary<T, IReadOnlyKeyValueStore> _columnDbs = columnsDb.ColumnKeys.ToDictionary(k => k, k =>
-            (IReadOnlyKeyValueStore)new RocksDbReader(
-                columnsDb,
-                () =>
+        private readonly Snapshot _snapshot;
+        private readonly ReadOptions _sharedReadOptions;
+        private readonly ReadOptions _sharedCacheMissReadOptions;
+        private int _disposed;
+
+        // Use a flat array indexed by enum ordinal instead of Dictionary<T, IReadOnlyKeyValueStore>.
+        // This eliminates the dictionary + backing array allocation per snapshot.
+        private readonly RocksDbReader[] _readers;
+
+        public ColumnDbSnapshot(ColumnsDb<T> columnsDb, Snapshot snapshot)
+        {
+            _snapshot = snapshot;
+
+            // Create two shared ReadOptions for all column readers instead of 2 per reader.
+            // ReadOptions in RocksDbSharp has a finalizer but no IDisposable — creating many
+            // short-lived instances causes Gen1/Gen2 GC pressure from finalizer queue buildup.
+            _sharedReadOptions = CreateReadOptions(columnsDb, snapshot);
+            _sharedCacheMissReadOptions = CreateReadOptions(columnsDb, snapshot);
+            _sharedCacheMissReadOptions.SetFillCache(false);
+
+            // Single shared delegate for GetViewBetween — avoids per-reader closure allocation.
+            // Note: each GetViewBetween call still creates a new ReadOptions with a finalizer;
+            // that is pre-existing behavior not addressed by this PR.
+            Func<ReadOptions> readOptionsFactory = () => CreateReadOptions(columnsDb, snapshot);
+            T[] keys = CreateKeyCache(columnsDb);
+            columnsDb._cachedMaxOrdinal = GetCachedMaxOrdinal(columnsDb, keys);
+            _readers = CreateReaders();
+
+            static ReadOptions CreateReadOptions(ColumnsDb<T> columnsDb, Snapshot snapshot)
+            {
+                ReadOptions options = new ReadOptions();
+                options.SetVerifyChecksums(columnsDb.VerifyChecksum);
+                options.SetSnapshot(snapshot);
+                return options;
+            }
+
+            // Cache column keys and max ordinal on the parent ColumnsDb to avoid per-snapshot
+            // recomputation. The race is benign (both threads compute identical results) and
+            // volatile ensures visibility across cores.
+            static T[] CreateKeyCache(ColumnsDb<T> columnsDb)
+            {
+                T[]? keys = columnsDb._cachedColumnKeys;
+                if (keys is null)
                 {
-                    ReadOptions options = new ReadOptions();
-                    options.SetVerifyChecksums(columnsDb.VerifyChecksum);
-                    options.SetSnapshot(snapshot);
-                    return options;
-                },
-                columnFamily: columnsDb._columnDbs[k]._columnFamily));
+                    IDictionary<T, ColumnDb> columnDbs = columnsDb._columnDbs;
+                    keys = new T[columnDbs.Count];
+                    int idx = 0;
+                    foreach (T key in columnDbs.Keys)
+                    {
+                        keys[idx++] = key;
+                    }
+
+                    columnsDb._cachedColumnKeys = keys;
+                }
+
+                return keys;
+            }
+            static int GetCachedMaxOrdinal(ColumnsDb<T> columnsDb, T[] keys)
+            {
+                if (columnsDb._cachedMaxOrdinal >= 0) return columnsDb._cachedMaxOrdinal;
+
+                int max = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    max = Math.Max(max, EnumToInt(keys[i]));
+                }
+
+                return max;
+            }
+
+            // Build flat array of readers indexed by column ordinal
+            RocksDbReader[] CreateReaders()
+            {
+                RocksDbReader[] readers = new RocksDbReader[columnsDb._cachedMaxOrdinal + 1];
+                for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    T k = keys[i];
+                    readers[EnumToInt(k)] = new RocksDbReader(
+                        columnsDb,
+                        _sharedReadOptions,
+                        _sharedCacheMissReadOptions,
+                        readOptionsFactory,
+                        columnFamily: columnsDb._columnDbs[k]._columnFamily);
+                }
+
+                return readers;
+            }
+        }
 
         public IReadOnlyKeyValueStore GetColumn(T key)
         {
-            return _columnDbs[key];
+            ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed != 0, this);
+            return _readers[EnumToInt(key)];
         }
 
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            snapshot.Dispose();
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) != 0) return;
+
+            // Explicitly destroy native ReadOptions handles to prevent finalizer queue buildup.
+            // GC.SuppressFinalize prevents the finalizer from running on already-destroyed handles.
+            DestroyReadOptions(_sharedReadOptions);
+            DestroyReadOptions(_sharedCacheMissReadOptions);
+
+            _snapshot.Dispose();
         }
+
+        private static void DestroyReadOptions(ReadOptions options)
+        {
+            Native.Instance.rocksdb_readoptions_destroy(options.Handle);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(options);
+        }
+
+        private static int EnumToInt(T value) => Convert.ToInt32(value);
     }
 }

src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Db.Rocks/RocksDbReader.cs

@@ -22,22 +22,36 @@ public class RocksDbReader : ISortedKeyValueStore
     private readonly DbOnTheRocks.IteratorManager? _iteratorManager;
     private readonly ColumnFamilyHandle? _columnFamily;
 
-    readonly ReadOptions _options;
-    readonly ReadOptions _hintCacheMissOptions;
+    private readonly ReadOptions _options;
+    private readonly ReadOptions _hintCacheMissOptions;
 
     public RocksDbReader(DbOnTheRocks mainDb,
         Func<ReadOptions> readOptionsFactory,
         DbOnTheRocks.IteratorManager? iteratorManager = null,
         ColumnFamilyHandle? columnFamily = null)
+        : this(mainDb, readOptionsFactory(), readOptionsFactory(), readOptionsFactory, iteratorManager, columnFamily)
+    {
+        _hintCacheMissOptions.SetFillCache(false);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Constructor that accepts pre-created <see cref="ReadOptions"/> instead of a factory.
+    /// Used by <see cref="ColumnsDb{T}.ColumnDbSnapshot"/> to share a single pair of ReadOptions
+    /// across all column readers, avoiding per-reader native handle allocation and finalizer pressure.
+    /// </summary>
+    public RocksDbReader(DbOnTheRocks mainDb,
+        ReadOptions options,
+        ReadOptions hintCacheMissOptions,
+        Func<ReadOptions> readOptionsFactory,
+        DbOnTheRocks.IteratorManager? iteratorManager = null,
+        ColumnFamilyHandle? columnFamily = null)
     {
         _mainDb = mainDb;
         _readOptionsFactory = readOptionsFactory;
         _iteratorManager = iteratorManager;
         _columnFamily = columnFamily;
-
-        _options = readOptionsFactory();
-        _hintCacheMissOptions = readOptionsFactory();
-        _hintCacheMissOptions.SetFillCache(false);
+        _options = options;
+        _hintCacheMissOptions = hintCacheMissOptions;
     }
 
     public byte[]? Get(scoped ReadOnlySpan<byte> key, ReadFlags flags = ReadFlags.None)

src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Db.Test/ColumnsDbTests.cs

@@ -123,4 +123,27 @@ public void SmokeTest_Snapshot()
         snapshot.GetColumn(ReceiptsColumns.Blocks)
             .Get(TestItem.KeccakA).Should().BeEquivalentTo(TestItem.KeccakA.BytesToArray());
     }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void Snapshot_DoubleDispose_DoesNotThrow()
+    {
+        IColumnsDb<ReceiptsColumns> asColumnsDb = _db;
+        IColumnDbSnapshot<ReceiptsColumns> snapshot = asColumnsDb.CreateSnapshot();
+
+        snapshot.Dispose();
+
+        FluentActions.Invoking(() => snapshot.Dispose()).Should().NotThrow();
+    }
+
+    [Test]
+    public void Snapshot_GetColumn_AfterDispose_ThrowsObjectDisposedException()
+    {
+        IColumnsDb<ReceiptsColumns> asColumnsDb = _db;
+        IColumnDbSnapshot<ReceiptsColumns> snapshot = asColumnsDb.CreateSnapshot();
+
+        snapshot.Dispose();
+
+        FluentActions.Invoking(() => snapshot.GetColumn(ReceiptsColumns.Blocks))
+            .Should().Throw<ObjectDisposedException>();
+    }
 }