fix: add field to proxy client setup

[daibhin]

Follow on to #215. Just forgot to add the extra config when calling as a singleton

[greptile-apps]

PR Summary

This PR adds the log_captured_exceptions option to the proxy client setup in the PostHog Python SDK.

• Added missing log_captured_exceptions parameter to the Client initialization in _proxy() function in posthog/__init__.py
• Updated version from 3.24.0 to 3.24.1 in posthog/version.py to reflect this bugfix
• Added changelog entry for version 3.24.1 documenting the addition of this option to proxy setup
• Fixes an oversight from PR #215 which added the feature but missed including it in the proxy pattern implementation

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