Add optimization parameters to OptimizationState

[ChrisRackauckas]

Summary

Fixes #891 - This PR adds a p field to the OptimizationState struct to provide access to optimization parameters in callbacks.

Changes

• Modified OptimizationState struct to include a new p parameter field
• Updated constructor to accept an optional p parameter with default value nothing
• Updated all OptimizationState construction calls across the codebase to pass the appropriate parameter values:
  • Main package files: src/lbfgsb.jl, src/sophia.jl, src/auglag.jl
  • All library extension packages in lib/ directory
• Maintains backward compatibility - existing code will continue to work

Motivation

This enables use cases like tracking loss function progression in multi-start optimization scenarios, where callbacks need access to parameters that are unique to individual optimization runs.

Test Plan

• Verified OptimizationState can be constructed with p parameter
• Tested that callbacks can successfully access the p parameter
• Confirmed backward compatibility is maintained

Example usage:

function my_callback(state, args...)
    # Now you can access optimization parameters
    params = state.p
    # ... use params for tracking, logging, etc.
    return false
end

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