feat: Binary Tree to String algorithm added (Leetcode 606)

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTreeToString.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.trees;
+
+/**
+ * Leetcode 606: Construct String from Binary Tree:
+ * https://leetcode.com/problems/construct-string-from-binary-tree/
+ *
+ * Utility class to convert a {@link BinaryTree} into its string representation.
+ * <p>
+ * The conversion follows a preorder traversal pattern (root → left → right)
+ * and uses parentheses to denote the tree structure.
+ * Empty parentheses "()" are used to explicitly represent missing left children
+ * when a right child exists, ensuring the structure is unambiguous.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <h2>Rules:</h2>
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>Each node is represented as {@code (value)}.</li>
+ * <li>If a node has only a right child, include {@code ()} before the right
+ * child
+ * to indicate the missing left child.</li>
+ * <li>If a node has no children, it appears as just {@code (value)}.</li>
+ * <li>The outermost parentheses are removed from the final string.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <h3>Example:</h3>
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ *     Input tree:
+ *           1
+ *          / \
+ *         2   3
+ *          \
+ *           4
+ *
+ *     Output string:
+ *     "1(2()(4))(3)"
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation matches the logic from LeetCode problem 606:
+ * <i>Construct String from Binary Tree</i>.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author Muhammad Junaid
+ * @see BinaryTree
+ */
+public class BinaryTreeToString {
+
+    /** String builder used to accumulate the string representation. */
+    private StringBuilder sb;
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a binary tree (given its root node) to its string representation.
+     *
+     * @param root the root node of the binary tree
+     * @return the string representation of the binary tree, or an empty string if
+     *         the tree is null
+     */
+    public String tree2str(BinaryTree.Node root) {
+        if (root == null) {
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        sb = new StringBuilder();
+        dfs(root);
+
+        // Remove the leading and trailing parentheses added by the root call
+        return sb.substring(1, sb.length() - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a recursive depth-first traversal to build the string.
+     * Each recursive call appends the node value and its children (if any)
+     * enclosed in parentheses.
+     *
+     * @param node the current node being processed
+     */
+    private void dfs(BinaryTree.Node node) {
+        if (node == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        sb.append("(").append(node.data);
+
+        // Recursively build left and right subtrees
+        if (node.left != null) {
+            dfs(node.left);
+        }
+
+        // Handle the special case: right child exists but left child is null
+        if (node.right != null && node.left == null) {
+            sb.append("()");
+            dfs(node.right);
+        } else if (node.right != null) {
+            dfs(node.right);
+        }
+
+        sb.append(")");
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/BinaryTreeToStringTest.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.trees;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for the BinaryTreeToString class.
+ */
+public class BinaryTreeToStringTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTreeToStringBasic() {
+        BinaryTree tree = new BinaryTree();
+        tree.put(1);
+        tree.put(2);
+        tree.put(3);
+        tree.put(4);
+
+        BinaryTreeToString converter = new BinaryTreeToString();
+        String result = converter.tree2str(tree.getRoot());
+
+        // Output will depend on insertion logic of BinaryTree.put()
+        // which is BST-style, so result = "1()(2()(3()(4)))"
+        Assertions.assertEquals("1()(2()(3()(4)))", result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleNodeTree() {
+        BinaryTree tree = new BinaryTree();
+        tree.put(10);
+
+        BinaryTreeToString converter = new BinaryTreeToString();
+        String result = converter.tree2str(tree.getRoot());
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals("10", result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplexTreeStructure() {
+        BinaryTree.Node root = new BinaryTree.Node(10);
+        root.left = new BinaryTree.Node(5);
+        root.right = new BinaryTree.Node(20);
+        root.right.left = new BinaryTree.Node(15);
+        root.right.right = new BinaryTree.Node(25);
+
+        BinaryTreeToString converter = new BinaryTreeToString();
+        String result = converter.tree2str(root);
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals("10(5)(20(15)(25))", result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNullTree() {
+        BinaryTreeToString converter = new BinaryTreeToString();
+        Assertions.assertEquals("", converter.tree2str(null));
+    }
+}