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bit_manipulation/find_number_that_appears_only_once_in_array.py

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+'''
+This problem comes from LeetCode 136: Single Number
+
+Problem Statement: You are given an list of number where each number appears twice in the list but there is a single number that appears once only. Find that single number.
+
+Intuition:
+- Hence we know that a ^ a = 0 (^ is XOR binary operator)
+- We can XOR all numbers, then we will get the only single number
+- Example: let's take nums = [1, 2, 4, 1, 4, 3, 2]
+    - We can see all numbers appears twice except 3
+    - If we take XOR of all element, we will get 3, let me demonstrate -
+        - 1 ^ 2 ^ 4 ^ 1 ^ 4 ^ 3 ^ 2
+    - Since we know a ^ a = 0, we can cancel them out -
+        - 1 ^ 1 ^ 2 ^ 2 ^ 4 ^ 4 ^ 3
+        - 0 ^ 0 ^ 0 ^ 3
+    - We also know a ^ 0 = a, then we will get our answer as 3
+
+Complexities:
+- Time: O(n)
+- Space: O(1)
+'''
+
+def find_single_number(nums):
+    '''
+    LeetCode 136: Single Number
+    https://leetcode.com/problems/single-number/description/
+
+    >>> find_single_number([1, 4, 1, 7, 9, 2, 9, 7, 2])
+    4
+    >>> find_single_number([1, 2, 4, 1, 4, 3, 2])
+    3
+    >>> find_single_number([4, 1, 2, 1, 2])
+    4
+    '''
+    single_num = 0
+
+    for i in nums:
+        single_num = single_num ^ i;
+
+    return single_num
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()