Add artificial_neural_network.py in neural_network

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
   * [Rat In Maze](backtracking/rat_in_maze.py)
   * [Sudoku](backtracking/sudoku.py)
   * [Sum Of Subsets](backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
+  * [Word Break](backtracking/word_break.py)
   * [Word Ladder](backtracking/word_ladder.py)
   * [Word Search](backtracking/word_search.py)
 
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@
   * [Elgamal Key Generator](ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py)
   * [Enigma Machine2](ciphers/enigma_machine2.py)
   * [Fractionated Morse Cipher](ciphers/fractionated_morse_cipher.py)
+  * [Gronsfeld Cipher](ciphers/gronsfeld_cipher.py)
   * [Hill Cipher](ciphers/hill_cipher.py)
   * [Mixed Keyword Cypher](ciphers/mixed_keyword_cypher.py)
   * [Mono Alphabetic Ciphers](ciphers/mono_alphabetic_ciphers.py)
@@ -211,6 +213,7 @@
     * [Lazy Segment Tree](data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py)
     * [Lowest Common Ancestor](data_structures/binary_tree/lowest_common_ancestor.py)
     * [Maximum Fenwick Tree](data_structures/binary_tree/maximum_fenwick_tree.py)
+    * [Maximum Sum Bst](data_structures/binary_tree/maximum_sum_bst.py)
     * [Merge Two Binary Trees](data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py)
     * [Mirror Binary Tree](data_structures/binary_tree/mirror_binary_tree.py)
     * [Non Recursive Segment Tree](data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py)
@@ -284,6 +287,7 @@
     * [Dijkstras Two Stack Algorithm](data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py)
     * [Infix To Postfix Conversion](data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py)
     * [Infix To Prefix Conversion](data_structures/stacks/infix_to_prefix_conversion.py)
+    * [Lexicographical Numbers](data_structures/stacks/lexicographical_numbers.py)
     * [Next Greater Element](data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py)
     * [Postfix Evaluation](data_structures/stacks/postfix_evaluation.py)
     * [Prefix Evaluation](data_structures/stacks/prefix_evaluation.py)
@@ -820,6 +824,7 @@
     * [Softplus](neural_network/activation_functions/softplus.py)
     * [Squareplus](neural_network/activation_functions/squareplus.py)
     * [Swish](neural_network/activation_functions/swish.py)
+  * [Artificial Neural Network](neural_network/artificial_neural_network.py)
   * [Back Propagation Neural Network](neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
   * [Convolution Neural Network](neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
   * [Input Data](neural_network/input_data.py)
@@ -1201,6 +1206,7 @@
   * [Binary Tree Traversal](searches/binary_tree_traversal.py)
   * [Double Linear Search](searches/double_linear_search.py)
   * [Double Linear Search Recursion](searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
+  * [Exponential Search](searches/exponential_search.py)
   * [Fibonacci Search](searches/fibonacci_search.py)
   * [Hill Climbing](searches/hill_climbing.py)
   * [Interpolation Search](searches/interpolation_search.py)

neural_network/artificial_neural_network.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""
+Simple Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
+- Feedforward Neural Network with 1 hidden layer and Sigmoid activation.
+- Uses Gradient Descent for backpropagation and Mean Squared Error (MSE)
+  as the loss function.
+- Example demonstrates solving the XOR problem.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class ANN:
+    """
+    Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
+
+    - Feedforward Neural Network with 1 hidden layer
+      and Sigmoid activation.
+    - Uses Gradient Descent for backpropagation.
+    - Example demonstrates solving the XOR problem.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size, learning_rate=0.1):
+        # Initialize weights using np.random.Generator
+        rng = np.random.default_rng()
+        self.weights_input_hidden = rng.standard_normal((input_size, hidden_size))
+        self.weights_hidden_output = rng.standard_normal((hidden_size, output_size))
+
+        # Initialize biases
+        self.bias_hidden = np.zeros((1, hidden_size))
+        self.bias_output = np.zeros((1, output_size))
+
+        # Learning rate
+        self.learning_rate = learning_rate
+
+    def sigmoid(self, x):
+        """Sigmoid activation function."""
+        return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
+
+    def sigmoid_derivative(self, x):
+        """Derivative of the sigmoid function."""
+        return x * (1 - x)
+
+    def feedforward(self, x):
+        """Forward pass."""
+        self.hidden_input = np.dot(x, self.weights_input_hidden) + self.bias_hidden
+        self.hidden_output = self.sigmoid(self.hidden_input)
+        self.final_input = (
+            np.dot(self.hidden_output, self.weights_hidden_output) + self.bias_output
+        )
+        self.final_output = self.sigmoid(self.final_input)
+        return self.final_output
+
+    def backpropagation(self, x, y, output):
+        """Backpropagation to adjust weights."""
+        error = y - output
+        output_gradient = error * self.sigmoid_derivative(output)
+        hidden_error = output_gradient.dot(self.weights_hidden_output.T)
+        hidden_gradient = hidden_error * self.sigmoid_derivative(self.hidden_output)
+
+        self.weights_hidden_output += (
+            self.hidden_output.T.dot(output_gradient) * self.learning_rate
+        )
+        self.bias_output += (
+            np.sum(output_gradient, axis=0, keepdims=True) * self.learning_rate
+        )
+
+        self.weights_input_hidden += x.T.dot(hidden_gradient) * self.learning_rate
+        self.bias_hidden += (
+            np.sum(hidden_gradient, axis=0, keepdims=True) * self.learning_rate
+        )
+
+    def train(self, x, y, epochs=10000):
+        """Train the network."""
+        for epoch in range(epochs):
+            output = self.feedforward(x)
+            self.backpropagation(x, y, output)
+            if epoch % 1000 == 0:
+                loss = np.mean(np.square(y - output))
+                print(f"Epoch {epoch}, Loss: {loss}")
+
+    def predict(self, x):
+        """Make predictions."""
+        return self.feedforward(x)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    X = np.array([[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]])
+    y = np.array([[0], [1], [1], [0]])
+    # Initialize the neural network
+    ann = ANN(input_size=2, hidden_size=2, output_size=1, learning_rate=0.1)
+    # Train the neural network
+    ann.train(X, y, epochs=100)
+    # Predict
+    predictions = ann.predict(X)
+    print("Predictions:")
+    print(predictions)