solved the issue #12046 and #12020

divide_and_conquer/quicksort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Function to perform partition of the array
+def partition(arr, low, high):
+    # Choose the last element as the pivot
+    pivot = arr[high]
+
+    # Pointer for greater element
+    i = low - 1  # index of smaller element
+
+    # Traverse through all elements
+    for j in range(low, high):
+        # If the current element is smaller than or equal to the pivot
+        if arr[j] <= pivot:
+            i = i + 1  # Increment the index of smaller element
+            arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]  # Swap
+
+    # Swap the pivot element with the element at i+1
+    arr[i + 1], arr[high] = arr[high], arr[i + 1]
+
+    # Return the partition point
+    return i + 1
+
+
+# Function to implement Quick Sort
+def quick_sort(arr, low, high):
+    if low < high:
+        # Find the partition index
+        pi = partition(arr, low, high)
+
+        # Recursively sort the elements before and after partition
+        quick_sort(arr, low, pi - 1)  # Before partition
+        quick_sort(arr, pi + 1, high)  # After partition
+
+
+# Driver code to take user-defined input and sort
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Ask the user for input
+    n = int(input("Enter the number of elements in the array: "))
+
+    # Input array elements from the user
+    arr = list(map(int, input(f"Enter {n} elements separated by spaces: ").split()))
+
+    print("Original array:", arr)
+
+    # Call quick sort function
+    quick_sort(arr, 0, len(arr) - 1)
+
+    # Print sorted array
+    print("Sorted array:", arr)

graphs/kruskal.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Class to represent a graph
+class Graph:
+    def __init__(self, vertices):
+        self.V = vertices  # Number of vertices
+        self.graph = []  # List to store graph edges (u, v, w)
+
+    # Function to add an edge to the graph (u -> v with weight w)
+    def add_edge(self, u, v, w):
+        self.graph.append([u, v, w])
+
+    # Utility function to find set of an element i (uses path compression)
+    def find(self, parent, i):
+        if parent[i] == i:
+            return i
+        return self.find(parent, parent[i])
+
+    # Function that does union of two sets of x and y (uses union by rank)
+    def union(self, parent, rank, x, y):
+        root_x = self.find(parent, x)
+        root_y = self.find(parent, y)
+
+        # Attach smaller rank tree under the root of the high-rank tree
+        if rank[root_x] < rank[root_y]:
+            parent[root_x] = root_y
+        elif rank[root_x] > rank[root_y]:
+            parent[root_y] = root_x
+        else:
+            parent[root_y] = root_x
+            rank[root_x] += 1
+
+    # Main function to construct MST using Kruskal's algorithm
+    def kruskal_mst(self):
+        # This will store the resultant Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
+        result = []
+
+        # Step 1: Sort all edges in non-decreasing order of their weight
+        # If we are using a greedy algorithm, we need to sort the edges first
+        self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item[2])
+
+        # Allocate memory for creating V subsets (for the disjoint-set)
+        parent = []
+        rank = []
+
+        # Create V subsets with single elements
+        for node in range(self.V):
+            parent.append(node)
+            rank.append(0)
+
+        # Number of edges in MST is V-1, so we will stop once we have V-1 edges
+        e = 0  # Initialize result edges count
+        i = 0  # Initialize the index for sorted edges
+
+        # Loop until MST has V-1 edges
+        while e < self.V - 1:
+            # Step 2: Pick the smallest edge 
+            #increment the index for the next iteration
+            u, v, w = self.graph[i]
+            i = i + 1
+
+            # Step 3: Find sets of both vertices u and v 
+            x = self.find(parent, u)
+            y = self.find(parent, v)
+
+            # If adding this edge doesn't cause a cycle, include it in the result
+            if x != y:
+                result.append([u, v, w])
+                e = e + 1  # Increment the count of edges in the MST
+                self.union(parent, rank, x, y)
+
+            # Else, discard the edge (it would create a cycle)
+
+        # Print the constructed Minimum Spanning Tree
+        print("Following are the edges in the constructed MST:")
+        for u, v, w in result:
+            print(f"{u} -- {v} == {w}")
+
+
+# Example usage
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    V = int(
+        input("Enter the number of vertices: ")
+    )  # Ask user for the number of vertices
+    E = int(input("Enter the number of edges: "))  # Ask user for the number of edges
+
+    g = Graph(V)  # Create a graph with V vertices
+
+    # Ask user to input the edges in the format u v w
+    print("Enter each edge in the format: vertex1 vertex2 weight")
+    for _ in range(E):
+        u, v, w = map(int, input().split())  # Take input for edge (u, v) with weight w
+        g.add_edge(u, v, w)
+
+    # Print the constructed MST
+    g.kruskal_mst()