Add quick_sort and 3-way quick_sort with tests

[Toshaksha]

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?
• Code refactor / consolidation of duplicate implementations

This pull request consolidates two existing quick sort implementations into one unified module. Specifically:
quick_sort.py (standard quick sort) and
quick_sort_3_partition.py (three-way partition quick sort)

are now combined into a single file to improve maintainability and provide users with both versions in one place for educational purposes.

This update includes:

• Type annotations and comprehensive docstrings
• Inline test cases
• Code cleanup and style improvements

References:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_national_flag_problem

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Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes Concatenate/consolidate all algorithms with different implementations #8098".