feat: add subarray sum equals k algorithm

[MNnazrul]

Description

This PR adds an implementation of the "Subarray Sum Equals K" algorithm to the general module. The algorithm counts the number of contiguous subarrays that sum to exactly k.

Implementation Method:

• Uses prefix sum technique with HashMap for O(n) time complexity
• Space complexity: O(n) for the HashMap
• Handles edge cases including empty arrays, negative numbers, and zero sums

Algorithm Reference:
This is a classic LeetCode problem (Problem 560). The solution uses the prefix sum approach where we track cumulative sums and check if prefix_sum - k exists in our map, which indicates a subarray with sum k exists.

Type of change

• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

Checklist:

• I ran bellow commands using the latest version of rust nightly.
• I ran cargo clippy --all -- -D warnings just before my last commit and fixed any issue that was found.
• I ran cargo fmt just before my last commit.
• I ran cargo test just before my last commit and all tests passed.
• I added my algorithm to the corresponding mod.rs file within its own folder, and in any parent folder(s).
• I added my algorithm to DIRECTORY.md with the correct link.
• I checked CONTRIBUTING.md and my code follows its guidelines.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 95.93%. Comparing base (21f5615) to head (d900c41).
⚠️ Report is 38 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master     #949      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.39%   95.93%   +0.54%     
==========================================
  Files         332      362      +30     
  Lines       21496    24649    +3153     
==========================================
+ Hits        20506    23647    +3141     
- Misses        990     1002      +12     

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[github-actions]

This pull request has been automatically marked as abandoned because it has not had recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you for your contributions.

[zhangzhuang15]

@MNnazrul I like this algorithm because it's simple and intuitive. imp2002 seems to be inactive, you can ask another reviewer for your PR.

[MNnazrul]

@zhangzhuang15 I'm unable to change the reviewer from my side.

[zhangzhuang15]

I've received your message, and will respond as soon as possible.

[zhangzhuang15]

Could you please take a look at this PR if you have spare time? @siriak

From my perspective, this PR is simple and friendly for beginning learners.

@zhangzhuang15 I'm unable to change the reviewer from my side.

By the way, imp2002 is not active for review these days, he/she may be really busy. Is there someone else taking own of this code repo and helping imp2002 review PR ? @siriak

[siriak]

Looks good, but don't add more Leetcode problems, we usually don't add them. I think there are no other reviewers now unfortunately.

[zhangzhuang15]

Looks good, but don't add more Leetcode problems, we usually don't add them. I think there are no other reviewers now unfortunately.

All right., what a pity. Thanks for your response.