Test Core against additional versions of Node.js

[desrosj]

This adds additional test combinations to the workflow that tests the build process that run on Node.js versions 22 and 24.

22.x is the Active LTS version for Node.JS and scheduled to become Maintenance LTS in October when 24.x graduates to the Active LTS. Testing against these versions will help spot any potential compatibility issues that come up and can make upgrading in the future.

This pull request tests both the Gutenberg and Core build processes with these versions. This is an alternate approach to #9399.

This results in 24 additional jobs in the test matrix. These new jobs will only run within wordpress-develp, not within forks.

Trac ticket: Core-63170.

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This Pull Request is for code review only. Please keep all other discussion in the Trac ticket. Do not merge this Pull Request. See GitHub Pull Requests for Code Review in the Core Handbook for more details.

[github-actions]

Test using WordPress Playground

The changes in this pull request can previewed and tested using a WordPress Playground instance.

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Some things to be aware of

• The Plugin and Theme Directories cannot be accessed within Playground.
• All changes will be lost when closing a tab with a Playground instance.
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• A fresh instance is created each time the link below is clicked.
• Every time this pull request is updated, a new ZIP file containing all changes is created. If changes are not reflected in the Playground instance,
  it's possible that the most recent build failed, or has not completed. Check the list of workflow runs to be sure.

For more details about these limitations and more, check out the Limitations page in the WordPress Playground documentation.

Test this pull request with WordPress Playground.

[github-actions]

The following accounts have interacted with this PR and/or linked issues. I will continue to update these lists as activity occurs. You can also manually ask me to refresh this list by adding the props-bot label.

Core Committers: Use this line as a base for the props when committing in SVN:

Props desrosj.

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