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Maho is Vulnerable to Authenticated Remote Code Execution via File Upload

High severity GitHub Reviewed Published Sep 7, 2025 in MahoCommerce/maho • Updated Sep 9, 2025

Package

composer mahocommerce/maho (Composer)

Affected versions

< 25.9.0

Patched versions

25.9.0

Description

Summary

In Maho 25.7.0, an authenticated staff user with access to the Dashboard and Catalog\Manage Products permissions can create a custom option on a listing with a file input field. By allowing file uploads with a .php extension, the user can use the filed to upload malicious PHP files, gaining remote code execution

Details

An user with the Dashboard and Catalog\Manage Products permissions can abuse the product custom options feature to bypass the application’s file upload restrictions.

When creating a product custom option of type file upload, the user is allowed to define their own extension whitelist. This bypasses the application’s normal enforced whitelist and permits disallowed extensions, including .php.

The file uploaded by the custom option is then written to a predictable location:

/public/media/custom_options/<first char of filename>/<second char of filename>/<md5 of file contents>.php

Because this path is directly accessible under the application’s webroot, an attacker can then request the uploaded file via HTTP, causing the server to execute the PHP payload.

PoC

  1. Sign in to the /admin dashboard as a staff user. Ensure the user's role has access to the Dashboard and Catalog\Manage Products permissions.
  2. Navigate to a product catalog listing, for example by clicking on a product linked within the Most Viewed Products tab on the dashboard.

image

  1. Navigate to the "Custom Options" tab on the product, and create a custom option with a file upload field. Add .php as an allowed extension to the file upload configuration. Save the configuration after making the changes.

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  1. In a private window, navigate to the customer facing page for the product, and upload a reverse shell PHP file through the newly configured option. Then click "Add to cart" to complete the upload.

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  1. Calculate the location of the uploaded file on the web server as
/public/media/custom_options/<first char of filename>/<second char of filename>/<md5 of file contents>.php
  1. Navigate to the above path directly to execute the file contents and trigger the reverse shell.

image

Impact

This vulnerability allows remote code execution (RCE) on the server. It requires only the Catalog\Manage Products permission, and does not need full administrative access. By leveraging the custom option upload feature, an attacker can bypass the application’s normal file upload protections and execute arbitrary PHP code within the webroot.

Suggested Remediation

Enforce a whitelist of allowed extensions a user is allowed to configure for file upload fields in Custom Options.

References

@fballiano fballiano published to MahoCommerce/maho Sep 7, 2025
Published by the National Vulnerability Database Sep 8, 2025
Published to the GitHub Advisory Database Sep 9, 2025
Reviewed Sep 9, 2025
Last updated Sep 9, 2025

Severity

High

CVSS overall score

This score calculates overall vulnerability severity from 0 to 10 and is based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
/ 10

CVSS v4 base metrics

Exploitability Metrics
Attack Vector Network
Attack Complexity Low
Attack Requirements Present
Privileges Required High
User interaction Active
Vulnerable System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality High
Integrity High
Availability High
Subsequent System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality High
Integrity High
Availability High

CVSS v4 base metrics

Exploitability Metrics
Attack Vector: This metric reflects the context by which vulnerability exploitation is possible. This metric value (and consequently the resulting severity) will be larger the more remote (logically, and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerable system. The assumption is that the number of potential attackers for a vulnerability that could be exploited from across a network is larger than the number of potential attackers that could exploit a vulnerability requiring physical access to a device, and therefore warrants a greater severity.
Attack Complexity: This metric captures measurable actions that must be taken by the attacker to actively evade or circumvent existing built-in security-enhancing conditions in order to obtain a working exploit. These are conditions whose primary purpose is to increase security and/or increase exploit engineering complexity. A vulnerability exploitable without a target-specific variable has a lower complexity than a vulnerability that would require non-trivial customization. This metric is meant to capture security mechanisms utilized by the vulnerable system.
Attack Requirements: This metric captures the prerequisite deployment and execution conditions or variables of the vulnerable system that enable the attack. These differ from security-enhancing techniques/technologies (ref Attack Complexity) as the primary purpose of these conditions is not to explicitly mitigate attacks, but rather, emerge naturally as a consequence of the deployment and execution of the vulnerable system.
Privileges Required: This metric describes the level of privileges an attacker must possess prior to successfully exploiting the vulnerability. The method by which the attacker obtains privileged credentials prior to the attack (e.g., free trial accounts), is outside the scope of this metric. Generally, self-service provisioned accounts do not constitute a privilege requirement if the attacker can grant themselves privileges as part of the attack.
User interaction: This metric captures the requirement for a human user, other than the attacker, to participate in the successful compromise of the vulnerable system. This metric determines whether the vulnerability can be exploited solely at the will of the attacker, or whether a separate user (or user-initiated process) must participate in some manner.
Vulnerable System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the VULNERABLE SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.
Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).
Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the VULNERABLE SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.
Subsequent System Impact Metrics
Confidentiality: This metric measures the impact to the confidentiality of the information managed by the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM due to a successfully exploited vulnerability. Confidentiality refers to limiting information access and disclosure to only authorized users, as well as preventing access by, or disclosure to, unauthorized ones.
Integrity: This metric measures the impact to integrity of a successfully exploited vulnerability. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness and veracity of information. Integrity of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM is impacted when an attacker makes unauthorized modification of system data. Integrity is also impacted when a system user can repudiate critical actions taken in the context of the system (e.g. due to insufficient logging).
Availability: This metric measures the impact to the availability of the SUBSEQUENT SYSTEM resulting from a successfully exploited vulnerability. While the Confidentiality and Integrity impact metrics apply to the loss of confidentiality or integrity of data (e.g., information, files) used by the system, this metric refers to the loss of availability of the impacted system itself, such as a networked service (e.g., web, database, email). Since availability refers to the accessibility of information resources, attacks that consume network bandwidth, processor cycles, or disk space all impact the availability of a system.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:H/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

EPSS score

Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)

This score estimates the probability of this vulnerability being exploited within the next 30 days. Data provided by FIRST.
(26th percentile)

Weaknesses

Reliance on File Name or Extension of Externally-Supplied File

The product allows a file to be uploaded, but it relies on the file name or extension of the file to determine the appropriate behaviors. This could be used by attackers to cause the file to be misclassified and processed in a dangerous fashion. Learn more on MITRE.

CVE ID

CVE-2025-58449

GHSA ID

GHSA-vgmm-27fc-vmgp

Source code

Credits

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