Add VCPKG set up

Borrowed from the Glib workflow

Author: alinaliBQ

.github/workflows/cpp_windows.yml

@@ -113,10 +113,39 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ steps.ccache-info.outputs.cache-dir }}
           key: cpp-ccache-windows-${{ inputs.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
           restore-keys: cpp-ccache-windows-${{ inputs.arch }}-
+      - name: Checkout vcpkg
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          path: vcpkg
+          repository: microsoft/vcpkg
+      - name: Bootstrap vcpkg
+        run: |
+          vcpkg\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
+          $VCPKG_ROOT = $(Resolve-Path -LiteralPath "vcpkg").ToString()
+          Write-Output ${VCPKG_ROOT} | `
+            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_PATH} -Encoding utf8 -Append
+          Write-Output "VCPKG_ROOT=${VCPKG_ROOT}" | `
+            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_ENV} -Encoding utf8 -Append
+      - name: Setup NuGet credentials for vcpkg caching
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
+            sources add \
+            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json" \
+            -storepasswordincleartext \
+            -name "GitHub" \
+            -username "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER" \
+            -password "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
+          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
+            setapikey "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" \
+            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json"
       - name: Build
         shell: cmd
         run: |
+          set VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP=%VCPKG_ROOT%
           call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" ${{ inputs.arch }}
+          set VCPKG_ROOT=%VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP%
           bash -c "ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh $(pwd) $(pwd)/build"
       - name: Register Flight SQL ODBC Driver
         shell: cmd