GH-47716: [C++][FlightRPC] ODBC bind column implementation (#48042)

### Rationale for this change
Add support for column binding in ODBC. 

### What changes are included in this PR?
- Implement SQLBindCol & tests
### Are these changes tested?
Tested on local MSVC

### Are there any user-facing changes?

N/A

* GitHub Issue: #47716

Authored-by: Alina (Xi) Li <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David Li <[email protected]>

Author: alinaliBQ

cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/odbc_api.cc

@@ -1100,8 +1100,16 @@ SQLRETURN SQLBindCol(SQLHSTMT stmt, SQLUSMALLINT record_number, SQLSMALLINT c_ty
                    << ", record_number: " << record_number << ", c_type: " << c_type
                    << ", data_ptr: " << data_ptr << ", buffer_length: " << buffer_length
                    << ", indicator_ptr: " << static_cast<const void*>(indicator_ptr);
-  // GH-47716 TODO: Implement SQLBindCol
-  return SQL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+
+  using ODBC::ODBCDescriptor;
+  using ODBC::ODBCStatement;
+  return ODBCStatement::ExecuteWithDiagnostics(stmt, SQL_ERROR, [=]() {
+    // GH-47021 TODO: implement driver to return indicator value when data pointer is null
+    ODBCStatement* statement = reinterpret_cast<ODBCStatement*>(stmt);
+    ODBCDescriptor* ard = statement->GetARD();
+    ard->BindCol(record_number, c_type, data_ptr, buffer_length, indicator_ptr);
+    return SQL_SUCCESS;
+  });
 }
 
 SQLRETURN SQLCloseCursor(SQLHSTMT stmt) {