Optimize concat/concat_ws scalar path by pre-allocating memory

datafusion/functions/Cargo.toml

@@ -106,6 +106,11 @@ harness = false
 name = "concat"
 required-features = ["string_expressions"]
 
+[[bench]]
+harness = false
+name = "concat_ws"
+required-features = ["string_expressions"]
+
 [[bench]]
 harness = false
 name = "to_timestamp"

datafusion/functions/benches/concat.rs

@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@
 
 use arrow::array::ArrayRef;
 use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
-use arrow::util::bench_util::create_string_array_with_len;
+use arrow::util::bench_util::{create_string_array_with_len, create_string_view_array};
 use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use datafusion_common::ScalarValue;
 use datafusion_common::config::ConfigOptions;
 use datafusion_expr::{ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs};
 use datafusion_functions::string::concat;
+use rand::Rng;
+use rand::distr::Alphanumeric;
 use std::hint::black_box;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-fn create_args(size: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
+fn create_array_args(size: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
     let array = Arc::new(create_string_array_with_len::<i32>(size, 0.2, str_len));
     let scalar = ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(", ".to_string()));
     vec![
@@ -36,9 +38,37 @@ fn create_args(size: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
     ]
 }
 
+fn create_array_args_view(size: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
+    let array = Arc::new(create_string_view_array(size, 0.2));
+    let scalar = ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(", ".to_string()));
+    vec![
+        ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::clone(&array) as ArrayRef),
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(array),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn generate_random_string(str_len: usize) -> String {
+    rand::rng()
+        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .take(str_len)
+        .map(char::from)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn create_scalar_args(count: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
+    std::iter::repeat_with(|| {
+        let s = generate_random_string(str_len);
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(s)))
+    })
+    .take(count)
+    .collect()
+}
+
 fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    // Benchmark for array concat
     for size in [1024, 4096, 8192] {
-        let args = create_args(size, 32);
+        let args = create_array_args(size, 32);
         let arg_fields = args
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
@@ -67,6 +97,70 @@ fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
         });
         group.finish();
     }
+
+    // Benchmark for StringViewArray concat
+    for size in [1024, 4096, 8192] {
+        let args = create_array_args_view(size);
+        let arg_fields = args
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(idx, arg)| {
+                // Use Utf8View for array args
+                let dt = if matches!(arg, ColumnarValue::Array(_)) {
+                    DataType::Utf8View
+                } else {
+                    DataType::Utf8 // scalar remains Utf8
+                };
+                Field::new(format!("arg_{idx}"), dt, true).into()
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let config_options = Arc::new(ConfigOptions::default());
+
+        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("concat function");
+        group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("concat_view", size), |b| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                let args_cloned = args.clone();
+                black_box(
+                    concat()
+                        .invoke_with_args(ScalarFunctionArgs {
+                            args: args_cloned,
+                            arg_fields: arg_fields.clone(),
+                            number_rows: size,
+                            return_field: Field::new("f", DataType::Utf8View, true)
+                                .into(),
+                            config_options: Arc::clone(&config_options),
+                        })
+                        .unwrap(),
+                )
+            })
+        });
+        group.finish();
+    }
+
+    // Benchmark for scalar concat
+    let scalar_args = create_scalar_args(10, 100);
+    let scalar_arg_fields = scalar_args
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, arg)| Field::new(format!("arg_{idx}"), arg.data_type(), true).into())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("concat function");
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("concat", "scalar"), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let args_cloned = scalar_args.clone();
+            black_box(
+                concat()
+                    .invoke_with_args(ScalarFunctionArgs {
+                        args: args_cloned,
+                        arg_fields: scalar_arg_fields.clone(),
+                        number_rows: 1,
+                        return_field: Field::new("f", DataType::Utf8, true).into(),
+                        config_options: Arc::new(ConfigOptions::default()),
+                    })
+                    .unwrap(),
+            )
+        })
+    });
 }
 
 criterion_group!(benches, criterion_benchmark);

datafusion/functions/benches/concat_ws.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use arrow::array::ArrayRef;
+use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field};
+use arrow::util::bench_util::create_string_array_with_len;
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use datafusion_common::ScalarValue;
+use datafusion_common::config::ConfigOptions;
+use datafusion_expr::{ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs};
+use datafusion_functions::string::concat_ws;
+use rand::Rng;
+use rand::distr::Alphanumeric;
+use std::hint::black_box;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+fn create_array_args(size: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
+    let array = Arc::new(create_string_array_with_len::<i32>(size, 0.2, str_len));
+    let scalar = ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(", ".to_string()));
+    vec![
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::clone(&array) as ArrayRef),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(array),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn generate_random_string(str_len: usize) -> String {
+    rand::rng()
+        .sample_iter(&Alphanumeric)
+        .take(str_len)
+        .map(char::from)
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn create_scalar_args(count: usize, str_len: usize) -> Vec<ColumnarValue> {
+    let mut args = Vec::with_capacity(count + 1);
+
+    args.push(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(
+        ",".to_string(),
+    ))));
+
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        let s = generate_random_string(str_len);
+        args.push(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(s))));
+    }
+    args
+}
+
+fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    // Benchmark for array concat_ws
+    for size in [1024, 4096, 8192] {
+        let args = create_array_args(size, 32);
+        let arg_fields = args
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(idx, arg)| {
+                Field::new(format!("arg_{idx}"), arg.data_type(), true).into()
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let config_options = Arc::new(ConfigOptions::default());
+
+        let mut group = c.benchmark_group("concat_ws function");
+        group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("concat_ws", size), |b| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                let args_cloned = args.clone();
+                black_box(
+                    concat_ws()
+                        .invoke_with_args(ScalarFunctionArgs {
+                            args: args_cloned,
+                            arg_fields: arg_fields.clone(),
+                            number_rows: size,
+                            return_field: Field::new("f", DataType::Utf8, true).into(),
+                            config_options: Arc::clone(&config_options),
+                        })
+                        .unwrap(),
+                )
+            })
+        });
+        group.finish();
+    }
+
+    // Benchmark for scalar concat_ws
+    let scalar_args = create_scalar_args(10, 100);
+    let scalar_arg_fields = scalar_args
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(idx, arg)| Field::new(format!("arg_{idx}"), arg.data_type(), true).into())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("concat_ws function");
+    group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("concat_ws", "scalar"), |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let args_cloned = scalar_args.clone();
+            black_box(
+                concat_ws()
+                    .invoke_with_args(ScalarFunctionArgs {
+                        args: args_cloned,
+                        arg_fields: scalar_arg_fields.clone(),
+                        number_rows: 1,
+                        return_field: Field::new("f", DataType::Utf8, true).into(),
+                        config_options: Arc::new(ConfigOptions::default()),
+                    })
+                    .unwrap(),
+            )
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, criterion_benchmark);
+criterion_main!(benches);

datafusion/functions/src/string/concat.rs

@@ -130,21 +130,22 @@ impl ScalarUDFImpl for ConcatFunc {
 
         // Scalar
         if array_len.is_none() {
-            let mut result = String::new();
-            for arg in args {
+            let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(args.len());
+            for arg in &args {
                 let ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar) = arg else {
                     return internal_err!("concat expected scalar value, got {arg:?}");
                 };
 
                 match scalar.try_as_str() {
-                    Some(Some(v)) => result.push_str(v),
+                    Some(Some(v)) => values.push(v),
                     Some(None) => {} // null literal
                     None => plan_err!(
                         "Concat function does not support scalar type {}",
                         scalar
                     )?,
                 }
             }
+            let result = values.concat();
 
             return match return_datatype {
                 DataType::Utf8View => {

datafusion/functions/src/string/concat_ws.rs

@@ -136,43 +136,22 @@ impl ScalarUDFImpl for ConcatWsFunc {
                 None => return internal_err!("Expected string literal, got {scalar:?}"),
             };
 
-            let mut result = String::new();
-            // iterator over Option<str>
-            let iter = &mut args[1..].iter().map(|arg| {
+            let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(args.len() - 1);
+            for arg in &args[1..] {
                 let ColumnarValue::Scalar(scalar) = arg else {
                     // loop above checks for all args being scalar
                     unreachable!()
                 };
-                scalar.try_as_str()
-            });
-
-            // append first non null arg
-            for scalar in iter.by_ref() {
-                match scalar {
-                    Some(Some(s)) => {
-                        result.push_str(s);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    Some(None) => {} // null literal string
-                    None => {
-                        return internal_err!("Expected string literal, got {scalar:?}");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
 
-            // handle subsequent non null args
-            for scalar in iter.by_ref() {
-                match scalar {
-                    Some(Some(s)) => {
-                        result.push_str(sep);
-                        result.push_str(s);
-                    }
+                match scalar.try_as_str() {
+                    Some(Some(v)) => values.push(v),
                     Some(None) => {} // null literal string
                     None => {
                         return internal_err!("Expected string literal, got {scalar:?}");
                     }
                 }
             }
+            let result = values.join(sep);
 
             return Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(result))));
         }