branch-4.0: [Feature](function) Support function TIME_FORMAT (#58592)

[linrrzqqq]

pick: #58592

doc: apache/doris-website#3135

The TIME_FORMAT function is used to convert a time value into a string according to the specified format string. It supports formatting for TIME and DATETIME types, and the output is a string that conforms to the format requirements.

SELECT TIME_FORMAT('2025-11-25 15:30:45', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s') AS date_with_time;

+---------------------+
| date_with_time      |
+---------------------+
| 0000-00-00 15:30:45 |
+---------------------+

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #xxx

Related PR: #xxx

Problem Summary:

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Check List (For Author)

• Test

  • Regression test
  • Unit Test
  • Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  • No need to test or manual test. Explain why:
    • This is a refactor/code format and no logic has been changed.
    • Previous test can cover this change.
    • No code files have been changed.
    • Other reason

• Behavior changed:

  • No.
  • Yes.

• Does this need documentation?

  • No.
  • Yes.

Check List (For Reviewer who merge this PR)

• Confirm the release note
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[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
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Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
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4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[linrrzqqq]

run buildall

[hello-stephen]

FE UT Coverage Report

Increment line coverage 33.85% (88/260) 🎉
Increment coverage report
Complete coverage report

[linrrzqqq]

run compile