[Node] Finalize main-build/release testing

[majanjua-amzn]

Description of changes:

• Adding patching logic for release/main-build testing in aws-otel-js-instrumentation repo
• Fix capitalization of Adot to ADOT in a bunch of places (echos, step names, nothing in the logic)
• Change default value for npm installation of ADOT JS instrumentation. This isn't used but might as well put it to something that should work
• Copy new logic for pulling latest helm chart from Java K8s test
• Update image patch index from 3 to 5 based on testing
• Update ASG test to remove temporary test configs from before public preview release

Rollback procedure

Revert, no other actions needed

Testing

Tested JS K8s here: https://github.com/aws-observability/aws-otel-js-instrumentation/actions/runs/11061371844/job/30733884840
No other test should be impacted by this change

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.