refactor(cli): tree api with injectable logging

[mrgrain]

Updates the tree.ts APIs to use an injectable trace function, so that it can easily be used from old and new code paths. At some point in the future this should just take an IoHelper, but not now.

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By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache-2.0 license

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 85.71429% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 85.20%. Comparing base (a477c66) to head (c94d0c5).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
packages/aws-cdk/lib/api/cxapp/exec.ts	66.66%	1 Missing ⚠️
packages/aws-cdk/lib/api/tree.ts	66.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #276      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   85.50%   85.20%   -0.30%     
==========================================
  Files         221      221              
  Lines       36606    36610       +4     
  Branches     4476     4455      -21     
==========================================
- Hits        31300    31195     -105     
- Misses       5209     5320     +111     
+ Partials       97       95       -2     

Flag	Coverage Δ
suite.unit	85.20% <85.71%> (-0.30%)	⬇️

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