blue-marble · anamileva · Mar 23, 2026 · Mar 23, 2026
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_2zones/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_2zones/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--20171691804.79
+-20171691798.19
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_2zones_loadcomponents/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_2zones_loadcomponents/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--20171691804.79
+-20171691798.19
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_generic_policy/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_generic_policy/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--26966855745105.86
+-26966855745114.64
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--26966855745105.86
+-26966855745114.64
diff --git a/...es/2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target_halfyear/results/objective_function_value.txt b/...es/2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target_halfyear/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--101086984772719.08
+-101086984772727.86
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_rps/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_rps/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--26966855745105.86
+-26966855745114.64
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_rps/results/summary_results.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_rps/results/summary_results.txt
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_rps_percent_target/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_rps_percent_target/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--26966855745105.86
+-26966855745114.64
diff --git a/...ds_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers/results/objective_function_value.txt b/...ds_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--17323444870.08
+-17323444876.67
diff --git a/...uild_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers_w_costs/results/objective_function_value.txt b/...uild_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers_w_costs/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--17323445422.08
+-17323445428.67
diff --git a/examples/2periods_new_build_simple_prm_w_energy_only/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/2periods_new_build_simple_prm_w_energy_only/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--11133045900.18
+-11133045900.19
diff --git a/examples/test_new_instantaneous_penetration/results/objective_function_value.txt b/examples/test_new_instantaneous_penetration/results/objective_function_value.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
--6852354303.66
+-6852354310.25
diff --git a/gridpath/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/reserve_limits_by_op_type.py b/gridpath/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/reserve_limits_by_op_type.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-# Copyright 2016-2023 Blue Marble Analytics LLC.
+# Copyright 2016-2025 Blue Marble Analytics LLC.
+# Copyright 2026 Sylvan Energy Analytics LLC.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,9 +15,11 @@
 
 """ """
 
+# TODO: move this functionality to the optype modules
+
 import os.path
 import pandas as pd
-from pyomo.environ import Param, PercentFraction, Constraint
+from pyomo.environ import Param, NonNegativeReals, Constraint
 
 from gridpath.auxiliary.auxiliary import get_required_subtype_modules
 from gridpath.project.operations.common_functions import load_operational_type_modules
@@ -58,12 +61,17 @@ def generic_add_model_components(
     # therefore limited by its ramp rate, e.g. if it can ramp up 60 MW an hour,
     # then it will only be able to provide 10 MW of upward reserve for a
     # reserve product with a 10-minute response requirement \
-    # Here, this derate param is specified as a fraction of generator capacity
-    # Defaults to 1 if not specified
+    # Here, this derate param is specified as a function of "online" generator
+    # capacity
+    # Defaults to infinity if not specified
     setattr(
         m,
         reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_param,
-        Param(getattr(m, reserve_projects_set), within=PercentFraction, default=1),
+        Param(
+            getattr(m, reserve_projects_set),
+            within=NonNegativeReals,
+            default=float("inf"),
+        ),
     )
 
     # Import needed operational modules
@@ -97,11 +105,14 @@ def reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_rule(mod, g, tmp):
             else op_type.online_capacity_rule(mod, g, tmp)
         )
 
-        return (
-            getattr(mod, reserve_provision_variable_name)[g, tmp]
-            <= getattr(mod, reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_param)[g]
-            * online_capacity
-        )
+        if getattr(mod, reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_param)[g] == float("inf"):
+            return Constraint.Skip
+        else:
+            return (
+                getattr(mod, reserve_provision_variable_name)[g, tmp]
+                <= getattr(mod, reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_param)[g]
+                * online_capacity
+            )
 
     setattr(
         m,
@@ -159,7 +170,7 @@ def generic_load_model_data(
 
     # Import reserve provision ramp rate limit parameter only if
     # column is present
-    # Otherwise, the ramp rate limit param goes to its default of 1
+    # Otherwise, the ramp rate limit param goes to its default of infinity
     if ramp_rate_limit_column_name in projects_file_header:
         columns_to_import += (ramp_rate_limit_column_name,)
         params_to_import += (getattr(m, reserve_provision_ramp_rate_limit_param),)

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_frequency_response.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_frequency_response.py
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: frequency_response_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: frequency_response_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(
                 {
                     "Battery": 1,
                     "Battery_Binary": 1,
-                    "Battery_Specified": 1,
+                    "Battery_Specified": float("inf"),
                     "Gas_CCGT": 0.1,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New": 0.2,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New_Binary": 0.2,

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_lf_reserves_down.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_lf_reserves_down.py
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: lf_reserves_down_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: lf_reserves_down_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(
                 {
                     "Battery": 1,
                     "Battery_Binary": 1,
-                    "Battery_Specified": 1,
+                    "Battery_Specified": float("inf"),
                     "Gas_CCGT": 0.1,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New": 0.2,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New_Binary": 0.2,

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_lf_reserves_up.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_lf_reserves_up.py
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: lf_reserves_up_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: lf_reserves_up_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(
                 {
                     "Battery": 1,
                     "Battery_Binary": 1,
-                    "Battery_Specified": 1,
+                    "Battery_Specified": float("inf"),
                     "Gas_CCGT": 0.1,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New": 0.2,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New_Binary": 0.2,

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_regulation_down.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_regulation_down.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: regulation_down_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: regulation_down_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_regulation_up.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_regulation_up.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: regulation_up_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: regulation_up_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(

diff --git a/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_spinning_reserves.py b/tests/project/operations/reserves/op_type_dependent/test_spinning_reserves.py
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ def test_data_loaded_correctly(self):
         )
         instance = m.create_instance(data)
 
-        # Param: spinning_reserves_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to 1 if not
+        # Param: spinning_reserves_ramp_rate_limit (defaults to infinity if not
         # specified)
         expected_rr_limit = OrderedDict(
             sorted(
                 {
                     "Battery": 1,
                     "Battery_Binary": 1,
-                    "Battery_Specified": 1,
+                    "Battery_Specified": float("inf"),
                     "Gas_CCGT": 0.1,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New": 0.2,
                     "Gas_CCGT_New_Binary": 0.2,

diff --git a/tests/test_data/test_scenario_objective_function_values.csv b/tests/test_data/test_scenario_objective_function_values.csv
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_aux_cons,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3664910801437.807}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1
 2periods_gen_bin_econ_retirement,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -75926182429562.45}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -75926182429562.45}}",,,
 2periods_gen_lin_econ_retirement,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -75926125638846.83}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -75926125638846.83}}",,,
 2periods_new_build,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10085845900.191605}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10085845900.191605}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_2zones,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691804.789494}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691804.789494}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_2zones,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691798.19321}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691798.19321}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_2zones_new_build_transmission,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -7028494941419.333}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -7028494941419.333}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_2zones_singleBA,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691754.438328}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691754.438328}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_2zones_transmission,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -220771078212311.7}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -220771078212311.7}}",,,
@@ -23,21 +23,21 @@ test_aux_cons,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3664910801437.807}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1
 2periods_new_build_cumulative_and_vintage_min_max,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -110384972580597.61}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -110384972580597.61}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_cumulative_min_max,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -27166044526940.195}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -27166044526940.195}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_fin_lifetime,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10022366566.861605}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10022366566.861605}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target_halfyear,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -101086984772719.08}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -101086984772719.08}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_horizon_energy_target_halfyear,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -101086984772727.86}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -101086984772727.86}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_local_capacity,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10087189895.81292}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10087189895.81292}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_rps,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_rps_percent_target,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_rps,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_rps_percent_target,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_rps_variable_reserves,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -4980266823.194146}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -4980266823.194146}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_rps_variable_reserves_subhourly_adj,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -4980266823.194146}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -4980266823.194146}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_rps_w_rps_eligible_storage,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966830249911.2}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966830249911.2}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_rps_w_rps_ineligible_storage,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -16980455713585.201}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -16980455713585.201}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_simple_prm,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10153045900.191605}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -10153045900.191605}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -613211671721885.6}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -613211671721885.6}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323444870.08401}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323444870.08401}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers_w_costs,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323445422.08401}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323445422.08401}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323444876.665836}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323444876.665836}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers_w_costs,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323445428.665836}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323445428.665836}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_simple_prm_2loadzones_newtx_w_transfers_w_subsidies,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323439361.04978}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -17323439361.04978}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_simple_prm_w_energy_only,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.181093}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.181093}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_simple_prm_w_energy_only,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.194233}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.194233}}",,,
 2periods_new_build_simple_prm_w_energy_only_deliv_cap_limit,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.191605}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -11133045900.191605}}",,,
 multi_stage_prod_cost,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}, ('', '', '', 2): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}, ('', '', '', 3): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}, ('', '', '', 2): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}, ('', '', '', 3): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436373826.099}}",,,
 multi_stage_prod_cost_linked_subproblems,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}, ('', '', '', 2): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}, ('', '', '', 3): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}, ('', '', '', 2): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}, ('', '', '', 3): {1: -1265436373826.0408, 2: -1265436373826.0408, 3: -1265436372366.0408}}",,,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ ra_toolkit_sync,"{('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', 'availabili
 ra_toolkit_sync_single_year,"{('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', 'availability_iteration_1', 1): {1: -0.0}, ('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', 'availability_iteration_1', 2): {1: -0.0}}","{('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', 'availability_iteration_1', 1): {1: -0.0}, ('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', 'availability_iteration_1', 2): {1: -0.0}}",,,
 test_performance_standard_power,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3504414927375.9478}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3504414927375.9478}}",,,
 test_performance_standard_both,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3592014754469.9077}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3592014754469.9077}}",,,
-test_new_instantaneous_penetration,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -6852354303.662479}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -6852354303.662479}}",,,
+test_new_instantaneous_penetration,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -6852354310.254818}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -6852354310.254818}}",,,
 test_tx_flow_w_simflow,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -59168136183373.484}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -59168136183373.484}}",,,
 hydro_system,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: 17519.999222673472}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: 17519.999222673472}}",,,
 hydro_system_exog_elev,"{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}","{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}",,,
@@ -133,12 +133,12 @@ test_w_lf,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -175270657.06592113}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -
 test_w_lf_w_demand_charges,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -175270707.06592113}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -175270707.06592113}}",,,
 test_w_lf_only,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}",,,
 test_w_lf_only_and_prices,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -21900000.0}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: np.float64(-21900000.0)}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_2zones_loadcomponents,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691804.789494}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691804.789494}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_2zones_loadcomponents,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691798.19321}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -20171691798.19321}}",,,
 test_w_lf_only_energy_potential_limit,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3139999980999.9995}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -3139999980999.9995}}",,,
 test_w_hydro_as_slice_candidate,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -200490477.22404}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -200490477.22404}}",,,
 test_w_energy_products,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -16211256.0}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: np.float64(-16211256.0)}}",,,
 test_w_energy_products_group_limits,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -140015997056.28812}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: np.float64(-140015997056.28812)}}",,,
-2periods_new_build_generic_policy,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745105.855}}",,,
+2periods_new_build_generic_policy,"{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}","{('', '', '', 1): {1: -26966855745114.637}}",,,
 open_data,"{('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', '', 1): {1: -177248006449.44724}, ('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', '', 2): {1: -206929765361.27356}}","{('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', '', 1): {1: -177248006449.44724}, ('weather_iteration_2010', 'hydro_iteration_2010', '', 2): {1: -206929765361.27356}}",,,
 hydro_system_exog_elev_w_travel_time_and_max_halfday_flows,"{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}","{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}",,,
 hydro_system_w_ramp_limits,"{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}","{('', 'hydro_iteration_1', '', 1): {1: -0.0}}",,,