[ci] Replace ccache with sccache

[sharder996]

This PR adds support for and replaces the use of ccache with sccache in Windows/macOS CI.

This provides several benefits such Windows support and the additional ability to also cache Rust builds.

The control of cache dumps in GitHub cache is also improved so that caches are only published when a PR has been pushed to main, usually by github-merge-queue. A cache for a PR is selected as the cache that was published from main where the current branch originated from, and if not found, the next cache matching against the restore-keys field.

Documentation for sccache can be found here.
Documentation for the sccache GitHub action can be found here.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 87.62%. Comparing base (6f690d9) to head (14516f2).
⚠️ Report is 66 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4594      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   87.19%   87.62%   +0.44%     
==========================================
  Files         249      250       +1     
  Lines       14276    14279       +3     
==========================================
+ Hits        12446    12511      +65     
+ Misses       1830     1768      -62     

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[xmkg]

Is there a reason why this is only needed when sccache is present?

[sharder996]

From https://github.com/mozilla/sccache?tab=readme-ov-file#usage:

For versions of cmake 3.25 and later, to compile with MSVC, you have to use the new CMAKE_MSVC_DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT option, meant to configure the -Z7 flag. Additionally, you must set the cmake policy number 0141 to the NEW setting:

set(CMAKE_MSVC_DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT "$<$<CONFIG:Debug,RelWithDebInfo>:Embedded>")
cmake_policy(SET CMP0141 NEW)

Example configuration where we automatically look for sccache in the PATH:

find_program(SCCACHE sccache REQUIRED)

set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER ${SCCACHE})
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER ${SCCACHE})
set(CMAKE_MSVC_DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT "$<$<CONFIG:Debug,RelWithDebInfo>:Embedded>")
cmake_policy(SET CMP0141 NEW)

[xmkg]

LGTM, except for a small question inline.

[tobe2098]

LGTM. Good work Scott!