[Chore] Remove unused partials

[kodster28]

Summary

Remove various unused partial files

[github-actions]

This PR requires additional review attention because it affects the following areas:

Partials

This PR updates partial files, which are pieces of content used across multiple files in our Render component.

• style-guide/code-in-props - view affected files
• style-guide/image-in-props - view affected files
• style-guide/link-in-props - view affected files
• style-guide/optional-props - view affected files
• style-guide/simple-props - view affected files
• style-guide/strong-in-props - view affected files

[github-actions]

This pull request requires reviews from CODEOWNERS as it changes files that match the following patterns:

Pattern	Owners
*	@cloudflare/pcx-technical-writing
/src/content/partials/kv/	@elithrar, @thomasgauvin, @rts-rob, @oxyjun, @cloudflare/pcx-technical-writing
/src/content/partials/workers/	@cloudflare/workers-docs, @GregBrimble, @irvinebroque, @mikenomitch, @WalshyDev, @cloudflare/deploy-config, @cloudflare/pcx-technical-writing, @kodster28, @cloudflare/wrangler, @cloudflare/workers-runtime-1

[cloudflare-workers-and-pages]

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Status	Name	Latest Commit	Updated (UTC)
❌ Deployment failed View logs	client-prod	c072ced	Oct 01 2025, 05:59 PM

[github-actions]

Preview URL: https://c072cedc.preview.developers.cloudflare.com
Preview Branch URL: https://remove-no-use-partials.preview.developers.cloudflare.com