steve

Steve is a lightweight API proxy for Kubernetes whose aim is to create an interface layer suitable for dashboards to efficiently interact with Kubernetes.

API Usage

Kubernetes proxy

Requests made to /api, /api/*, /apis/*, /openapi/* and /version will be proxied directly to Kubernetes.

/v1 API

Steve registers all Kubernetes resources as schemas in the /v1 API. Any endpoint can support methods GET, POST, PATCH, PUT, or DELETE, depending on what the underlying Kubernetes endpoint supports and the user's permissions.

/v1/{type} - all cluster-scoped resources OR all resources in all namespaces of type {type} that the user has access to
/v1/{type}/{name} - cluster-scoped resource of type {type} and unique name {name}
/v1/{type}/{namespace} - all resources of type {type} under namespace {namespace}
/v1/{type}/{namespace}/{name} - resource of type {type} under namespace {namespace} with name {name} unique within the namespace

Query parameters

Steve supports query parameters to perform actions or process data on top of what Kubernetes supports. In-depth, auto-generated API examples can be found in rancher.

`link`

Trigger a link handler, which is registered with the schema. Examples are calling the shell for a cluster, or following logs during cluster or catalog operations:

GET /v1/management.cattle.io.clusters/local?link=log

`action`

Trigger an action handler, which is registered with the schema. Examples are generating a kubeconfig for a cluster, or installing an app from a catalog:

POST /v1/catalog.cattle.io.clusterrepos/rancher-partner-charts?action=install

List-specific query parameters

List requests (/v1/{type} and /v1/{type}/{namespace}) have additional parameters for filtering, sorting and pagination.

Note that the exact meaning and behavior of those parameters may vary if Steve is used with SQLite caching of resources, which is configured when calling server.New via the server.Options.SQLCache boolean option. Meaning and behavior are the same unless otherwise specified.

Note that, if SQLite caching of resources is enabled, some of the data can be stored in disk, in either encrypted or plain text forms based on:

by default, Secrets and Rancher Tokens (management.cattle.io/v3, Kind=Token) are always encrypted
if the environment variable CATTLE_ENCRYPT_CACHE_ALL is set to "true", all resources are encrypted
regardless of the setting's value, any filterable/sortable columns are stored in plain text (see filter below for the exact list)

`limit`

If SQLite caching is disabled (server.Options.SQLCache=false), set the maximum number of results to retrieve from Kubernetes. The limit is passed on as a parameter to the Kubernetes request. The purpose of setting this limit is to prevent a huge response from overwhelming Steve and Rancher. For more information about setting limits, review the Kubernetes documentation on retrieving results in chunks.

The limit controls the size of the set coming from Kubernetes, and then filtering, sorting, and pagination are applied on that set. Because of this, if the result set is partial, there is no guarantee that the result returned to the client is fully sorted across the entire list, only across the returned chunk.

If SQLite caching is enabled (server.Options.SQLCache=true), set the maximum number of results to return from the SQLite cache.

If both this parameter and pagesize are set, the smallest is taken.

In both cases, the returned response will include a continue token, which indicates that the result is partial and must be used in the subsequent request to retrieve the next chunk.

The default limit is 100000. To override the default, set limit=-1.

`continue`

Continue retrieving the next chunk of a partial list. The continue token is included in the response of a limited list and indicates that the result is partial. This token can then be used as a query parameter to retrieve the next chunk. All chunks have been retrieved when the continue field in the response is empty.

`filter`

Filter results by a designated field. Filter keys use dot notation to denote the subfield of an object to filter on. The filter value is normally matched as a substring.

Example, filtering by object name:

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name=foo

When SQLite caching is not enabled, matching works this way:

If a target value is surrounded by single-quotes, it succeeds only on an exact match:

Example, filtering by object name:

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name='match-this-exactly'

A target value can be delimited by double-quotes, but this will succeed on a partial match:

Example, filtering by object name:

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name="can-be-a-substri"

When SQLite caching is enabled, equality is slightly different from non-sql-supported matching. Equality can be specified with either one or two '=' signs.

The following matches objects called either 'cat' or 'cows':

filter=metadata.name=cat,metadata.name==cows

The following matches objects whose names contain either the substring 'cat' or 'cows':

filter=metadata.name~cat,metadata.name~cows

For example, this will match an object with metadata.name=cowcatcher

Set membership is done with the in operator:

filter=metadata.name in (cat, cows)

When called via http the spaces will need to be encoded either as + or %20.

There are negative forms of the above operators:

filter=metadata.name!=dog  # no dogs allowed
filter=metadata.name!~x    # skip any names containing an 'x'
filter=metadata.name notin (goldfish, silverfish) # ignore these

Labels can be tested with the implicit "EXISTS" operator:

filter=metadata.labels[cattle.io.fences/wooden]

This will select any objects that have the specified label. Negate this test by preceding it with a !:

filter=!metadata.labels[cattle.io.fences/bamboo]

Existence tests only work for metadata.labels.

If you need to do a numeric computation, you can use the < and > operators.

filter=metadata.fields[3]>10&metadata.fields[3]<20

This is specific to a particular kind of Kubernetes object.

Finally, most values need to conform to specific syntaxes. But if the VALUE in an expression contains unusual characters, you can quote the value with either single or double quotes:

filter=metadata.name="oxford,metadata.labels.comma"

Without the quotes, the expression would be finding either objects called oxford, or that have the label "comma", which is very different from objects called oxford,metadata.labels.comma.

One filter can list multiple possible fields to match, these are ORed together:

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name=foo,metadata.namespace=foo

Stacked filters are ANDed together, so an object must match all filters to be included in the list.

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name=foo&filter=metadata.namespace=bar

Filters can be negated to exclude results:

/v1/{type}?filter=metadata.name!=foo

If SQLite caching is disabled (server.Options.SQLCache=false), arrays are searched for matching items. If any item in the array matches, the item is included in the list.

/v1/{type}?filter=spec.containers.image=alpine

When SQLite caching is enabled, multiple values are stored separated by "or-bars" (|), like abc|def|ghi. You'll need to use the partial-match operator ~ to match one member, like /v1/{type}?filter=spec.containers.image ~ ghi.

If SQLite caching is enabled (server.Options.SQLCache=true), filtering is only supported for a subset of attributes:

id, metadata.name, metadata.namespace, metadata.state.name, and metadata.timestamp for any resource kind
a short list of hardcoded attributes for a selection of specific types listed in typeSpecificIndexFields
the special string metadata.fields[N], with N starting at 0, for all columns displayed by kubectl get $TYPE. For example secrets have "metadata.fields[0]", "metadata.fields[1]" , "metadata.fields[2]", and "metadata.fields[3]" respectively corresponding to "name", "type", "data", and "age". For CRDs, these come from Additional printer columns

When matching on array-type fields, the array's values are stored in the database as a single field separated by or-bars (|s).= So searching for those fields needs to do a partial match when a field contains more than one value.

`projectsornamespaces`

Resources can also be filtered by the Rancher projects their namespaces belong to. Since a project isn't an intrinsic part of the resource itself, the filter parameter for filtering by projects is separate from the main filter parameter. This query parameter is only applicable when steve is running in concert with Rancher.

The list can be filtered by either projects or namespaces or both.

Filtering by a single project or a single namespace:

/v1/{type}?projectsornamespaces=p1

Filtering by multiple projects or namespaces is done with a comma separated list. A resource matching any project or namespace in the list is included in the result:

/v1/{type}?projectsornamespaces=p1,n1,n2

The list can be negated to exclude results:

/v1/{type}?projectsornamespaces!=p1,n1,n2

`sort`

Results can be sorted lexicographically by any number of columns given in descending order of importance.

Sorting by only a single column, for example name:

/v1/{type}?sort=metadata.name

Reverse sorting by name:

/v1/{type}?sort=-metadata.name

Multiple sort criteria are comma separated.

Example, sorting first by name and then by creation time in ascending order:

/v1/{type}?sort=metadata.name,metadata.creationTimestamp

Reverse sort by name, then normal sort by creation time:

/v1/{type}?sort=-metadata.name,metadata.creationTimestamp

Normal sort by namespace, then by name, reverse sort by creation time:

/v1/{type}?sort=metadata.namespace,metadata.name,-metadata.creationTimestamp

If SQLite caching is enabled (server.Options.SQLCache=true), sorting is only supported for the set of attributes supported by filtering (see above).

Sorting by labels (also requires SQLite caching) can use complex label names. This query sorts by app name within their architectures, with the architectures listed in reverse lexicographic order. Note that complex label names need to be surrounded by square brackets (which themselves need to be percent-escaped for some web queries)

/v1/nodes?sort=-metadata.labels[kubernetes.io/arch],metadata.name

`page`, `pagesize`, and `revision`

Results can be batched by pages for easier display.

Example initial request returning a page with 10 results:

/v1/{type}?pagesize=10

Pages are one-indexed, so this is equivalent to

/v1/{type}?pagesize=10&page=1

If SQLite caching is disabled (server.Options.SQLCache=false), to retrieve subsequent pages, the page number and the list revision number must be included in the request. This ensures the page will be retrieved from the cache, rather than making a new request to Kubernetes. If the revision number is omitted, a new fetch is performed in order to get the latest revision. The revision is included in the list response.

/v1/{type}?pagesize=10&page=2&revision=107440

page and pagesize can be used alongside the limit and continue parameters supported by Kubernetes. limit and continue are typically used for server-side chunking and do not guarantee results in any order.

If SQLite caching is enabled (server.Options.SQLCache=true), to retrieve subsequent pages, only the page number is necessary, and it will always return the latest version.

/v1/{type}?pagesize=10&page=2

If both pagesize and limit are set, the smallest is taken.

If both page and continue are set, the result is the page-th page after the last result specified by continue.

If SQLCache is enabled and revision is passed: revision sets a minimum numerical value for resourceVersion in a LIST request. If the server's cached resourceVersion for that GVK is older than the revision provided, an "unknown revision" error is returned.

In both cases, the total number of pages and individual items are included in the list response as pages and count respectively.

If a page number is out of bounds, an empty list is returned.

/v1/subscribe (Watch API)

Steve provides real-time updates for Kubernetes resources through a WebSocket-based Watch API, available at the /v1/subscribe endpoint. This API leverages the generic subscription framework from rancher/apiserver.

To test, connect to the endpoint using a websocket client like websocat:

websocat -k wss://127.0.0.1:9443/v1/subscribe

When using Steve as integrated in Rancher, you can connect by:

Creating an API token:
- Open Rancher in a browser, log in
- Click on the user icon in the top-right corner
- Click on "Account and API Keys"
- Click on "Create API Key"
- Add a Description, click Create
- Copy the "Bearer Token" value
Using the following lines:

read RANCHER_TOKEN
websocat --header="Cookie: R_SESS=$RANCHER_TOKEN" wss://my.rancher.server/v1/subscribe

Review the rancher/apiserver README for protocol details.

In addition to regular Kubernetes resources, steve allows you to subscribe to special steve resources. For example, to subscribe to counts, send a websocket message like this:

{"resourceType":"count"}

Running the Steve server

Steve is typically imported as a library. The calling code starts the server:

import (
	"fmt"
	"context"

	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/server"
	"github.com/rancher/wrangler/v3/pkg/kubeconfig"
)

func steve() error {
	restConfig, err := kubeconfig.GetNonInteractiveClientConfigWithContext("", "").ClientConfig()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	ctx := context.Background()
	s, err := server.New(ctx, restConfig, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	fmt.Println(s.ListenAndServe(ctx, 9443, 9080, nil))
	return nil
}

steve can be run directly as a binary for testing. By default it runs on ports 9080 and 9443:

export KUBECONFIG=your.cluster
go run main.go

The API can be accessed by navigating to https://localhost:9443/v1.

Steve Features

Steve's main use is as an opinionated consumer of rancher/apiserver, which it uses to dynamically register every Kubernetes API as its own. It implements apiserver Stores to use Kubernetes as its data store.

Stores

Steve uses apiserver Stores to transform and store data, mainly in Kubernetes. The main mechanism it uses is the proxy store, which is actually a series of four nested stores and a "partitioner". It can be instantiated by calling NewProxyStore. This gives you:

proxy.errorStore - translates any returned errors into HTTP errors
proxy.WatchRefresh - wraps the nested store's Watch method, canceling the watch if access to the watched resource changes
partition.Store - wraps the nested store's List method and parallelizes the request according to the given partitioner, and additionally implements filtering, sorting, and pagination on the unstructured data from the nested store
proxy.rbacPartitioner - the partitioner fed to the partition.Store which allows it to parallelize requests based on the user's access to certain namespaces or resources
proxy.Store - the Kubernetes proxy store which performs the actual connection to Kubernetes for all operations

The default schema additionally wraps this proxy store in metrics.Store, which records request metrics to Prometheus, by calling metrics.NewMetricsStore on it.

Steve provides two additional exported stores that are mainly used by Rancher's catalogv2 package:

selector.Store
- wraps the list and watch commands with a label selector
switchschema.Store
- transforms the object's schema

Schemas

Steve watches all Kubernetes API resources, including built-ins, CRDs, and APIServices, and registers them under its own /v1 endpoint. The component responsible for watching and registering these schemas is the schema controller. Schemas can be queried from the /v1/schemas endpoint. Steve also registers a few of its own schemas not from Kubernetes to facilitate certain use cases.

Cluster

Steve creates a fake local cluster to use in standalone scenarios when there is not a real clusters.management.cattle.io resource available. Rancher overrides this and sets its own customizations on the cluster resource.

User Preferences

User preferences in steve provides a way to configure dashboard preferences through a configuration file named prefs.json. Rancher overrides this and uses the preferences.management.cattle.io resource for preference storage instead.

Counts

Counts keeps track of the number of resources and updates the count in a buffered stream that the dashboard can subscribe to.

Schema Templates

Existing schemas can be customized using schema templates. You can customize individual schemas or apply customizations to all schemas.

For example, if you wanted to customize the store for secrets so that secret data is always redacted, you could implement a store like this:

import (
	"github.com/rancher/apiserver/pkg/store/empty"
	"github.com/rancher/apiserver/pkg/types"
)

type redactStore struct {
	empty.Store // must override the other interface methods as well
	            // or use a different nested store
}

func (r *redactStore) ByID(_ *types.APIRequest, _ *types.APISchema, id string) (types.APIObject, error) {
	return types.APIObject{
		ID: id,
		Object: map[string]string{
			"value": "[redacted]",
		},
	}, nil
}

func (r *redactStore) List(_ *types.APIRequest, _ *types.APISchema) (types.APIObjectList, error) {
	return types.APIObjectList{
		Objects: []types.APIObject{
			{
				Object: map[string]string{
					"value": "[redacted]",
				},
			},
		},
	}, nil
}

and then create a schema template for the schema with ID "secrets" that uses that store:

import (
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/schema"
)

template := schema.Template{
	ID: "secret",
	Store: &redactStore{},
}

You could specify the same by providing the group and kind:

template := schema.Template{
	Group: "", // core resources have an empty group
	Kind: "secret",
	Store: &redactStore{},
}

then add the template to the schema factory:

schemaFactory.AddTemplate(template)

As another example, if you wanted to add a custom field to all objects in a collection response, you can add a schema template with a collection formatter to omit the ID or the group and kind:

template := schema.Template{
	Customize: func(schema *types.APISchema) {
		schema.CollectionFormatter = func(apiOp *types.APIRequest, collection *types.GenericCollection) {
			for _, d := range collection.Data {
				obj := d.APIObject.Object.(*unstructured.Unstructured)
				obj.Object["tag"] = "custom"
			}
		}
	}
}

Schema Access Control

Steve implements access control on schemas based on the user's RBAC in Kubernetes.

The apiserver Server object exposes an AccessControl field which is used to customize how access control is performed on server requests.

An accesscontrol.AccessStore is stored on the schema factory. When a user makes any request, the request handler first finds all the schemas that are available to the user. To do this, it first retrieves an accesscontrol.AccessSet by calling AccessFor on the user. The AccessSet contains a map of resources and the verbs that can be used on them. The AccessSet is calculated by looking up all of the user's role bindings and cluster role bindings for the user's name and group. The result is cached, and the cached result is used until the user's role assignments change. Once the AccessSet is retrieved, each registered schema is checked for existence in the AccessSet, and filtered out if it is not available.

This final set of schemas is inserted into the types.APIRequest object and passed to the apiserver handler.

Authentication

Steve authenticates incoming requests using a customizable authentication middleware. The default authenticator in standalone steve is the AlwaysAdmin middleware, which accepts all incoming requests and sets admin attributes on the user. The authenticator can be overridden by passing a custom middleware to the steve server:

import (
	"context"
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/server"
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/auth"
	"k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/authentication/user"
)

func run() {
	restConfig := getRestConfig()
	authenticator := func (req *http.Request) (user.Info, bool, error) {
		username, password, ok := req.BasicAuth()
		if !ok {
			return nil, false, nil
		}
		if username == "hello" && password == "world" {
			return &user.DefaultInfo{
				Name: username,
				UID: username,
				Groups: []string{
				    "system:authenticated",
				},
			}, true, nil
		}
		return nil, false, nil
	}
	server := server.New(context.TODO(), restConfig, &server.Options{
		AuthMiddleware: auth.ToMiddlware(auth.AuthenticatorFunc(authenticator)),
	}
	server.ListenAndServe(context.TODO(), 9443, 9080, nil)
}

Once the user is authenticated, if the request is for a Kubernetes resource, then steve must proxy the request to Kubernetes, so it needs to transform the request. Steve passes the user Info object from the authenticator to a proxy handler, either a generic handler or an impersonating handler. The generic Handler mainly sets transport options and cleans up the headers on the request in preparation for forwarding it to Kubernetes. The ImpersonatingHandler uses the user Info object to set Impersonate-* headers on the request, which Kubernetes uses to decide access.

Dashboard

Steve is designed to be consumed by a graphical user interface and therefore serves one by default, even in the test server. The default UI is the Rancher Vue UI hosted on releases.rancher.com. It can be viewed by visiting the running steve instance on port 9443 in a browser.

The UI can be enabled and customized by passing options to NewUIHandler. For example, if you have an alternative index.html file, add the file to a directory called ./ui, then create a route that serves a custom UI handler:

import (
	"net/http"
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/ui"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func routes() http.Handler {
	custom := ui.NewUIHandler(&ui.Options{
		Index: func() string {
			return "./ui/index.html"
		},
	}
	router := mux.NewRouter()
	router.Handle("/hello", custom.IndexFile())
	return router

If no options are set, the UI handler will serve the latest index.html file from the Rancher Vue UI.

Cluster Cache

The cluster cache keeps watches of all resources with registered schemas. This is mainly used to update the summary cache and resource counts, but any module could add a handler to react to any resource change or get cached cluster data. For example, if we wanted a handler to log all "add" events for newly created secrets:

import (
	"context"
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/server"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
)

func logSecretEvents(server *server.Server) {
	server.ClusterCache.OnAdd(context.TODO(), func(gvk schema.GroupVersionKind, key string, obj runtime.Object) error {
		if gvk.Kind == "Secret" {
			logrus.Infof("[event] add: %s", key)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

Aggregation

Rancher uses a concept called "aggregation" to maintain connections to remote services. Steve implements an aggregation client in order to allow connections from Rancher and expose its API to Rancher.

Aggregation is enabled by defining a secret name and namespace in the steve server:

import (
	"context"
	"github.com/rancher/steve/pkg/server"
)

func run() {
	restConfig := getRestConfig()
	server := server.New(context.TODO(), restConfig, &server.Options{
		AggregationSecretNamespace: "cattle-system",
		AggregationSecretName: "stv-aggregation",
	})
	server.ListenAndServe(context.TODO(), 9443, 9080, nil)
}

This prompts the steve server to start a controller that watches for this secret. The secret is expected to contain two pieces of data, a URL and a token:

$ kubectl -n cattle-system get secret stv-aggregation -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  token: Zm9vYmFy
  url: aHR0cHM6Ly8xNzIuMTcuMC4xOjg0NDMvdjMvY29ubmVjdA==
kind: Secret
metadata:
...

Steve makes a websocket connection to the URL using the token to authenticate. When the secret changes, the steve aggregation server restarts with the up-to-date URL and token.

Through this websocket connection, the steve agent is exposed on the remote management server and the management server can route steve requests to it. The management server can also keep track of the availability of the agent by detecting whether the websocket session is still active. In Rancher, the connection endpoint runs on /v3/connect.

Rancher implements aggregation for other types of services as well. In Rancher, the user can define endpoints via a v3.APIService custom resource (which is distinct from the built-in Kubernetes v1.APIService resource). Then Rancher runs a middleware handler that routes incoming requests to defined endpoints. The external services follow the same process of using a defined secret containing a URL and token to connect and authenticate to Rancher. This aggregation is defined independently and does not use steve's aggregation client.

Design of List Processing API

Steve supports query parameters filter, sort, page/pagesize/revision, and projectsornamespaces for list requests as described above. These formatting options exist to allow user interfaces like dashboards to easily consume and display list data in a friendly way.

This feature relies on the concept of stores and the RBAC partitioner. The proxy store provides raw access to Kubernetes and returns data as an unstructured.UnstructuredList. The partitioner calls the proxy store in parallel for each segment of resources the user has access to, such as for each namespace. The partitioner feeds the results of each parallelized request into a stream of unstructured.Unstructured. From here, the list is passed to the listprocessor to filter, sort, and paginate the list. The partition store formats the list as a types.APIObjectList and it is returned up the chain of nested stores.

Most stores in steve are implementations of the apiserver Store interface, which returns apiserver types. The partitioner implements its own store type called UnstructuredStore which returns unstructured.Unstructured objects. The reason for this is that the filtering and sorting functions in the listprocessor package need to operate on unstructured data because they work on arbitrary fields. However, it also needs to be run after the parallelized partitioner has accumulated all the results, because each concurrent fetcher will only contain partial results. Therefore, the data remains in an unstructured format until after the listprocessor has been run, then the data is converted to a structured type. The below diagram illustrates the conversion sequence.

Unit tests

The unit tests for these API features are located in two places:

listprocessor unit tests

pkg/stores/partition/listprocessor/processor_test.go contains tests for each individual query handler. All changes to listprocessor should include a unit test in this file.

partition store unit tests

pkg/stores/partition/store_test.go contains tests for the List operation of the partition store. This is especially important for testing the functionality for multiple partitions. It also tests all supported query parameters, not limited to the pagination-related ones, and tests them in combination with one another. Tests should be added here when:

the change is related to partitioning
the change is related to parsing the query parameters
the change is related to the limit or continue parameters
the listprocessor change should be tested with other query parameters

It doesn't hurt to add a test here for any other listprocessor change.

Each table test runs several requests, so they are effectively each a bundle of tests. Each table test has a list of apiOps which each specify the request and the user running it, a list of access maps which declares the users corresponding to each request and controls the AccessSet the user has, the partitions the users have access to, and the objects in each partition. The requests in apiOps are run sequentially, and each item in the lists want, wantCache, and wantListCalls correlate to the expected results and side effects of each request. partitions and objects apply to all requests in the table test.

Integration tests

Integration tests for the steve API are located among the rancher integration tests. See the documentation included there for running the tests and using them to generate API documentation.

Running Tests

Some of steve's tests make use of envtest to run. Envtest allows tests to run against a "fake" kubernetes server with little/no overhead.

To install the required setup-envtest binary, use the following command:

go install sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/tools/setup-envtest@latest

Before running the tests, you must run the following command to setup the fake server:

# note that this will use a new/latest version of k8s. Our CI will run against the version of k8s that corresponds to steve's
# current client-go version, as seen in scripts/test.sh
export KUBEBUILDER_ASSETS=$(setup-envtest use -p path)

Versioning

See VERSION.md.

License

cnrancher/steve

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